Term
| Key Concepts of Social Constructionism |
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Definition
-Postmodernists assume there are multiple truths
-Reality is subjective and is based on the use of language
-Postmodernists strive for a collaborative and consultative stance
-Postmodern thought has an impact on the development of many theories
-The client, not the therapist, is the expert
-Dialogue is used to elicit perspective, resources, and unique client experiences
-Questions empower clients to speak and to express their diverse positions
-The therapist supplies optimism and the process |
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Term
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Definition
Kenneth Geregen (father of social constructionism
Berger and Luckman- first to use the term |
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Term
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Definition
-therapeutic perspective within a postmodern worldview; it stresses the client's reality without disputing whether it was accurate or rational
-reality is based on the use of language, and is largely a function of the situations which people live |
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Term
| Collaborate Language System Approach |
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Definition
Harlene Anderson and the late Harold Goolishian
-a theory about caring and being with the client
-similar to person-centered without self-acualization
-human life is constructed in personal and family narratives that maintain both process and meaning in people's lives
-therapy is also a system process created in the therapeutic conversations of the client and listener facilitator |
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Term
| Therapy goals of Social Constructionism |
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Definition
-Generate new meaning in the lives of clients
-Co-develop, with clients, solutions that are unique to the situation
-Enhance awareness of the impact of various aspects of the dominant culture on the individual
-Help people develop alternative ways of being, acting, knowing, and living |
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Term
| Solution-Focused Brief Therapy people |
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Definition
| Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg |
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Term
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Definition
-Therapy grounded on a positive orientation-- people are healthy and competent
-Past is downplayed, while present and future are highlighted
-Therapy is concerned with looking for what is working
-Therapists assist clients in finding exceptions to their problems
-There is a shift from “problem-orientation” to “solution-focus”
-Emphasis is on constructing solutions rather than problem solving |
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Term
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Definition
| people are healthy and competent and have the ability to construct solutions that can enhance their lives. |
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Term
| looking for what is working |
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Definition
| to look for what is working in the clients' lives which stands in stark contract to traditional models of therapy that tend to be problem focused |
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Term
| Basic assumptions guiding practice |
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Definition
-individuals who come to therapy do have the capability of behaving effectively, even though this effectiveness may be temporarily blocked by negative cognitions
-there are advantages to a positive focus on solutions and on the future. reorient themselves based on strengths
- there are exceptions to every problem
-clients often present only one side of themselves.
-small changes pave the way for larger ones
-clients want to change, have the capacity to change, and are doing the best to make change happen.
-clients can be trusted in their intentions to solve their problems |
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Term
| 4 steps that characterize the process of SFBT |
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Definition
1. find out what clients want rather than searching for what they do not want
2. do not look for pathology, and do not attempt to reduce clients by giving them diagnostic label- look at what they are doing right and encourage
3. if what clients are doing is not working, encourage them to experiment
4. keep therapy brief b approaching each sessions as if it were the last/only |
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Term
| Therapeutic Goals for SBFT |
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Definition
-people have the the ability to define meaningful personal goals and they have the resources required to solve their problems
-create climate that facilitates change
-concentrate on small, realistic, achievable change that can lead to additional positive outcomes
Forms of goals:
1. changing the viewing of a situation or a frame of reference
2.changing the doing of the problematic situation
3.tapping client's strengths and resources
-clients are encouraged to change-or solution talk, rather than problem talk |
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Term
| Therapist function and role for SBFT |
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Definition
-adopt a not-knowing position to put clients in the position of being the experts of their own lives
-point clients in the direction of change without dictating what to change
-strive to create collaborative relationships because of their belief that doing so opens up a range of possibilities for present, future, and change
-helping clients imagine how they would like things to be different and what would it take |
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Term
| Therapeutic Relationship SBFT |
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Definition
-relationship building or engagement
-show clients how they can use the strengths and resources they already have to construct solutions
-clients are encouraged to do something different and to be creative in thinking about ways to deal with their present and future concerns |
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Term
| Three kinds of relationships in SBFT |
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Definition
1. Customer-type relationship: client and therapist jointly identify a problem and a solution to work toward
2. Complainant relationship: a client who describes a problem, but is not able or willing to take an active role in constructing a solution
3. Visitors: clients who come to therapy because someone else thinks they have a problem |
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Term
| Therapeutic Techniques for SBFT |
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Definition
1. Establishing a collaborative relationship
2. pretherapy change
3. exception questions- times when the problem was not problematic
4. miracle question- "if a miracle happened, and the problem was solved over night, how would you know it was solved, what would be different?"
5. scaling questions
6. formula first session task- form of hw a therapist might give clients to complete between 1/2nd sessions
7. Therapist feedback to clients- three parts 1- compliments, 2. a bridge and 3. suggesting task.
8. Terminating- once clients construct a satisfactory solution, relations can be terminated |
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Term
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Definition
Michael White and David Epston.
White- individuals construct the meaning of life in interpretative stories which are then treated as "truth" |
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Term
| Key Concepts of Narrative Therapy |
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Definition
-Focus on narrative therapy
-the role of stories
-listening with an open mind |
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Term
| Therapeutic Process of narrative |
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Definition
-Collaborate with the client in identifying (naming) the problem
-Personify the problem and attribute oppressive intentions and tactics to it
-Investigate how the problem has been disrupting or dominating the person
-invite the client to see his/her story from a different perspective
-discover moments when the client wasn't dominated or discouraged by the problem
-find historical evidence to bolster new view of the client as competent enough
-ask the client to speculate about what kind of future could be expected
-find or create and audience for perceiving and supporting new story |
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Term
| Therapy Goals (narrative) |
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Definition
| - invite pople to describe their experience in new and fresh language. open new vistas of what is possible |
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Term
| Therapist Function and Role (narrative) |
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Definition
-• To become active facilitators
-To demonstrate care, interest, respectful curiosity, openness, empathy, contact, and fascination
-To believe in the client’s abilities, talents and positive intentions
-To adopt a not-knowing position that allows being guided by the client’s story
-To help clients construct a preferred story line
-To create a collaborative relationship-- with the client being the senior partner |
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Term
| Therapeutic Relationship (narrative) |
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Definition
| collaboration, compassion, reflection and discovery characterizes the therapeutic relationship |
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Term
| Narrative: therapeutic techniques and procedures |
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Definition
1. Questions -• Questions are used as a way to generate experience rather than to gather information. Questions are always asked from a position of respect, curiosity, and openness. Therapists ask questions from a not-knowing stance. By asking questions, therapists assist clients in exploring dimensions of their life situations. Questions can lead to taking apart problem-saturated stories
2.Living life means relating to problems, not being fused with them. Externalization is a process of separating the person from identifying with the problem. Externalizing conversations help people in freeing themselves from being identified with the problem. Externalizing conversations can lead clients in recognizing times when they have dealt successfully with the problem
3. Deconstruction-Problem-saturated stories are deconstructed (taken apart) before new stories are co-created. The assumption is that people can continually and actively re-author their lives. Unique possibility questions enable clients to focus on their future. An appreciative audience helps new stories to take root
4. Search for unique outcome- externalizing questions are followed by questions searching for unique outcomes
5. alternative stories and reauthoring- constructing new stories goes hand in hand with deconstruction and the narrative therapist listens to openings to new stories
6. documenting evidence- gaining audience for the news that change is taking places to needs to occur if alternative stories are to stay alive (ex. writing letters from therapist to client of explanation
7. Group work- techniques described can be applied |
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Term
| Strengths of post-modernism from diversity perspective |
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Definition
-congruent with philosophy of multiculturalism
-framework to think about thinking and to determine the impact of stories
-narrative therapy- grounded in sociocultural context which makes this approach especially relevant for counseling culturally diverse clients
-narrative concentrates on problem stories that dominate and subjugate personal, social, and cultural levels |
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Term
| Limitations of Postmodern Approaches |
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Definition
-Therapists must be skilled in implementing brief interventions
-Therapists may employ techniques in a mechanistic fashion
-Reliance on techniques may detract from building a therapeutic relationship
-Narrative therapists must be careful to approach client’s stories without imposing a preconceived notion of the client’s experiences
-For some individuals, the therapist’s “not knowing stance” may compromise the client’s confidence in the therapist as an expert
-More empirical research is needed |
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Term
| Social constructionist theory is grounded on 4 assumptions |
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Definition
1. critical stance toward taken for granted knowledge
2. language and and concepts we use to generally understand the world a historically and culturally specific
3. knowledge is constructed through social processes
4. negotiated understanding sare considered to be practices that affect social life rather than being abstractions from it. (knowledge and social action go together) |
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