Term
What are some improvements to fireplaces |
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Definition
Combustion gases exchange heat with room air. Angled side walls improve surface radiation to the room. Coal combustion gases exchange heat with flue damper All of the above and separate supply of combustion air |
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Term
What are some types of heating stoves? |
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Definition
Wood stove Franklin Stove Coal Stove |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Two iterations of ice machines? |
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Definition
Carrier’s “Apparatus for Treating Air” (1912) Carrier igloo (1939 World’s Fair) |
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Term
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Definition
heating, ventilation and air conditioning |
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Term
Characteristics of Small Building HVAC |
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Definition
Usually skin-load dominated Ventilation is usually not as much of an issue Distribution in cavities of walls, floor, ceiling Usually there are basements / crawl space / attic for equipment |
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Term
Two ways to organize heating + cooling systems: |
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Definition
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Term
Two ways to deliver heat / cooling to occupants: |
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Definition
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Term
Two ways to move heat / cooling through buildings: |
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Definition
Pumped water or steam (hydronic) Fan-driven air (forced air) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Can Small Buildings' HVAC systems heat or cool? |
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Definition
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Term
characteristics of local HVAC systems |
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Definition
Occupy less space Lower first costs Generally higher operating costs and energy usage Good for buildings with many small spaces requiring individual control |
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Term
where are local HVAC systems used? |
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Definition
Small hotels, small offices, renovated buildings |
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Term
characteristics of localcentral HVAC systems |
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Definition
Generally quieter Generally more efficient Better control of air quality Tend to last longer and are easier to service May be problematic if individual control or billing is required |
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Term
where are central HVAC systems used? |
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Definition
new buildings, especially houses |
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Term
Two ways to provide comfort to occupants: |
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Definition
convection/conduction and radiation |
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Term
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Definition
Air is heated / cooled, which in turn heats / cools the people |
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Term
How do forced air systems work? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
A hot object radiates heat to people. A cold object absorbs people’s radiant heat. |
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Term
How do hydronic systems work? |
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Definition
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Term
do hydronic systems typically offer heating/ cooling/ both? |
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Definition
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Term
How many ways are there to disperse heat through buildings? |
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Definition
hydronic systems and forced air |
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Term
characteristics of hydronic systems? |
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Definition
Smaller distribution tree (pipes) May have larger/noisier equipment in the spaces Can have better control of individual zones |
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Term
do forced air systems typically offer heating/ cooling/ both? |
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Definition
heating only or heating and cooling |
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Term
Hydronic heating system elements |
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Definition
Heat source Distribution Terminals Convector Fan Coil |
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Term
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Definition
a unit containing a heating element that allows air to be heated through natural convection, without an additional fan |
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Term
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Definition
a unit containing a heating element and a fan to initiate convective heating |
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Term
Series Loop Hydronic System |
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Definition
Water flows to and through each terminal in turn. Water at the end of the circuit is cooler. Individual valved control is not possible – one zone system. $ |
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Term
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Definition
A valve controls each terminal in the loop. Water at the end of the circuit is still cooler. $$ |
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Term
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Definition
A valve controls each terminal in the loop. A separate loop carries cooler return water, so each terminal has the same temperature water. $$$ |
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Term
forced air heating system elements |
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Definition
Heat source Distribution Terminals Heat pump |
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Term
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Definition
An all electric heating / cooling device that takes energy for heating from outdoor air or a water supp |
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Term
location of terminals related to performance |
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Definition
Terminals on the perimeter provide better thermal comfort; the trade off is more heat loss. |
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Term
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Definition
natural ventilation of fan based evaporative cooling refrigeration |
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Term
approaches to refrigeration |
|
Definition
Absorption-based refrigeration Compression-based refrigeration |
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Term
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Definition
The location where refrigerant turns from gas into liquid, and releases heat to an airstream. |
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Term
Direct expansion (DX) or evaporator coil |
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Definition
The location where refrigerant expands in an evaporator, and absorbs heat from an airstream |
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Term
|
Definition
location of condenser and expansion coils |
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Term
Large HVAC Building Exquipment |
|
Definition
Boiler Chiller Cooling Tower Fans |
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Term
where are the fans located in the Large system HVAC system |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
An element containing at least the supply fans, coils, and air filter. May also contain humidification section and plenum for mixing / discharging air |
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Term
Mechanical Room Design Considerations |
|
Definition
Allow adequate space for equipment Provide connection to distribution pathways Consider weight of equipment for structure Provide acoustic separation Provide appropriate fire protection |
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Term
|
Definition
A device that removes heat by evaporation in the outside air. It may work by natural draft or with fans |
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Term
Mechanical Systems Integration Issues |
|
Definition
Aesthetics Human comfort Efficiency / conservation Appropriateness Structural Integration |
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Term
Equipment to Integrate in HVAC systems |
|
Definition
Mechanical rooms/floors Cooling towers Distribution Terminals |
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Term
|
Definition
A device that removes heat by evaporation in the outside air. It may work by natural draft or with fans |
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|
Term
Mechanical Systems Integration Issues |
|
Definition
Aesthetics Human comfort Efficiency / conservation Appropriateness Structural Integration |
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|
Term
Equipment to Integrate in HVAC systems |
|
Definition
Mechanical rooms/floors Cooling towers Distribution Terminals |
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|
Term
What MEEB Tables determine HVAC component system sizing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What elements of a building use the most energy? |
|
Definition
water heating/ ventilation/ cooling/ space heating |
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|
Term
Energy Usage Intensity (EUI) |
|
Definition
A metric for reporting a building’s energy use, measured in kBTU/sf/yr |
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Term
|
Definition
Total energy consumed in one year is divided by the total area of the building |
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Term
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Definition
asserts that the building sector must lead the way in energy use reduction |
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Term
|
Definition
The amount of energy consumed by a building, as reflected in utility bills |
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Term
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Definition
raw fuel burned to create heat or electricity, such as natural gas or oil used for onsite generation. |
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Term
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Definition
the energy product (heat or electricity) created from raw fuel, such as electricity purchased from an electrical grid |
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Term
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Definition
The total amount of raw fuel required to operate a building |
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|
Term
functions of water in contemporary life |
|
Definition
Nourishment Cleansing + Hygiene Ceremonial Uses Cooling Sewage Conveyance Ornamental Uses Fire protection |
|
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Term
|
Definition
people need about 3g/cd for cooking and drinking livestock need about 2-35g/cd for drinking |
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|
Term
|
Definition
People (in the US ) use about 21 g/cd for bathing and personal hygiene. Clothes- and dishwashing use about 14g/cd |
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|
Term
water as a means of cooling |
|
Definition
passive and active systems |
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Term
|
Definition
Potable/ rainwater /storm water /grey water /black water |
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Term
|
Definition
Water that is suitable for drinking |
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Term
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Definition
Clean water that falls as rain. Can be collected and used for irrigation, toilet flushing, fire control, and cooling. [Potable uses if purified]. |
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Term
|
Definition
Water that fell as rain, but has usually been contaminated by contact with pollutants on the ground. This usually enters the a drainage system, may flow directly to a lake or stream, or may be managed onsite. |
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Term
|
Definition
Water from laundries, showers, bathroom sinks. Can be filtered and reused for irrigation or toilet flushing |
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Term
|
Definition
Water from toilets, kitchen sinks |
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|
Term
Rain water drainage systems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Roof drains connect to roof leaders or conductors, which are vertical pipes that ultimately connect to underground building storm drain piping. |
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Term
|
Definition
Gutters drain to downspouts, which are either connected to the storm sewer, or simply drain to splash blocks, drywells, or other onsite disposal means |
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Term
|
Definition
water for sanitation irrigation water drinking water Increase groundwater recharge Reduce storm water discharges, urban floods and overloading of sewage treatment plants •Reduce seawater ingress in coastal areas |
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|
Term
rain water harvesting process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Rainwater Harvesting Process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Rainwater Harvesting Process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what kind of roofs do not permit rainwater catchment |
|
Definition
Asphaltic, zinc, copper, asbestos, lead |
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Term
|
Definition
The total amount of water that is received in the form of rainfall over an area |
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Term
|
Definition
the amount of rainwater that can be effectively harvested from total |
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Term
|
Definition
accounts for the fact that all the rainwater falling over an area cannot be effectively harvested, because of evaporation, spillage etc. Factors like runoff coefficient and the first-flush wastes are taken into account when estimating the collection efficiency. (A collection efficiency of 75% is typical.) |
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|
Term
what is a typical collection efficiency in rainwater catchment structures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What MEEB table exhibits catchment yield |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
challenges with storm water drains |
|
Definition
Pollutants / soil erosion / potential overloading of sanitary system |
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|
Term
what forms of pollutants endanger rainwater |
|
Definition
Motor Vehicles Manufacturing Plant Emissions Lawn fertilizer Animal waste Garbage Construction debris |
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|
Term
what size sites are required to design a system for storm water collection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
technical issues to storm water collection |
|
Definition
Slow stormwater down to reduce erosion and force water to drop its sediment Reduce / disperse stormwater volume Store/Infiltrate/Drain stormwater |
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|
Term
Design issue with storm water collection |
|
Definition
Use stormwater as an asset in the landscape |
|
|
Term
Porous / Pervious pavement |
|
Definition
uses high porosity asphalt, concrete, incremental paving units, and open celled pavers to allow surface drainage to penetrate to earth on the site. |
|
|
Term
Raingardens and Onsite Infiltration |
|
Definition
storm water is collected and discharged to the ground onsite. Useful where soils are dry and absorptive. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
shallow sloped vegetated channels which take surface runoff to a point where it may be collected or infiltrated |
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|
Term
Extensive green / vegetated roof |
|
Definition
Typically 3-6 inches deep, lightweight, used for stormwater retention and runoff reduction. Plantings are sedums and grasses |
|
|
Term
Intensive green / vegetated roof |
|
Definition
Intensive green / vegetated roof |
|
|
Term
popular plants in vegetated roofs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Waterless human waste receptacle which uses aerobic digestion to break down wastes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vault type composting toilet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Conveys waste and sewage from all plumbing fixtures to an approved or “acceptable” disposal location. |
|
|
Term
slope to move waste water |
|
Definition
slope must not be less than 1/4” per foot for small lines, or less than 1/8” per foot for larger lines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a device used to provide a water seal at the outlet of a plumbing fixture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a device used to ventilate piping and break siphonage of water out of traps |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Used for drain, waste, or vent piping |
|
|
Term
What sections are MEEB are used to size sewage systems |
|
Definition
Table 20.2: Drainage Fixture Units Table 20.3: Size of Fixture Branches and Stacks Table 20.4: Size of Vent Stacks |
|
|
Term
what determines sizing for sewage systems |
|
Definition
The number and type of fixtures being served The DFU for each fixture The number of branches feeding the pipe Max vent length |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Screening, settling of solids and anaerobic digestion of organic material |
|
|
Term
Secondary sewage treatment |
|
Definition
Aerobic digestion and filtration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Any other treatment required to allow effluent to be discharged to the ecosystem. Often includes chlorination and / or UV treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
On-site / Decentralized vs Centralized |
|
|
Term
On-site / Decentralized sewage treatment |
|
Definition
Sewage is treated at or near the location where it is created. Often this is primary or primary + secondary treatment. |
|
|
Term
Centralized sewage treatment |
|
Definition
Sewage is collected and treated at a single large facility, usually primary, secondary and tertiary treatment. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
An onsite primary and secondary sewage treatment system, typically in residential projects |
|
|
Term
CSO (Combined sewer overflow) |
|
Definition
When sanitary sewage and stormwater overload a collection system after a rain event and are discharge, untreated, into a water body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Primary treatment – sedimentation tank Aeration tanks Ducts supply air to aeration tanks Final settling Chlorination Sludge dewatering Sludge incineration Effluent just before release to Niagara river |
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Term
|
Definition
Shaper of architectural form and use of space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the flow of electrons, measured in amps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the opposition to the flow of electrons, measured in Ohms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The voltage in an electrical circuit is equal to the current times the resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
voltage = current x Resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The rate at which energy is consumed, measured in watts for electricity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
voltage(V) x amperage (I) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
voltage (volts) x current (amps) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An electric current flowing through a conductor generates a magnetic field. Moving a conductor in a magnetic field can establish an electric current |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Current which moves in one direction in a wire. Sources include batteries, DC generators, equipment power supplies (AC to DC converters), and photovoltaic cells. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Current which continually reverses direction. In the US, this happens at a rate of 60 cycles per second. (60 Hz) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A device which changes electric voltage by creating two distinct electric currents; conductors from each are wrapped around a metal core. The voltage change will be proportional to the number of windings of each circuit around a metal core |
|
|
Term
Advantages of AC over DC transmission |
|
Definition
Long distance power transmission Three phase AC can handle more power AC motors have a simpler construction (don’t require brushes) Three phase AC motors don’t require special starting equipment |
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|
Term
Advantages of DC over AC transmission |
|
Definition
Electricity must be generated near the point of use A typical byproduct (steam) of electricity production could be harnessed easily. (ie Combined Heat and Power or CHP, or co-generation) Greater source energy conversion efficiencies |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A typical electrical service for residential and small commercial buildings. A pole-mounted transformer steps voltage down and splits into single phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Electricity is brought to the building via underground ducts. Usually the customer has to install the underground service, not the utility. Transformer may be outside or inside |
|
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Term
|
Definition
device provided by the electrical utility to measure and record electricity usage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A set of fuses or circuit breakers that control the circuit loading in a building. This provides a central distribution point for a whole building, a floor, or a part of a floor |
|
|
Term
types of electric conduit |
|
Definition
rigid / electrical metallic tubing / flexible metal conduit ("flex") / sheathed wire ("romex") |
|
|
Term
Ground fault (circuit) interrupter (GFCI or GFI) |
|
Definition
Short circuit protection device which detects a continual loss to ground, even when the power is shut off. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Technology that produce electricity through direct conversion of incident solar radiation. PVs produce direct current (DC) electricity, which can be used for DC loads, stored in a battery, or converted to alternating current (AC) for use with conventional appliances or connection to the grid. PV modules are typically .08 - .15 sf per watt. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Technology that converts incident solar radiation into heat, typically hot water or a working fluid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Technology that produces electricity through translation of kinetic energy into electrical energy |
|
|
Term
Common organizational elements of active solar systems |
|
Definition
Collection/ Storage/ Transformation/ Delivery/ Load/ |
|
|
Term
Collection: a means to gather solar energy as thermal or electrical energy |
|
Definition
Solar panel, solar thermal collector, wind turbine |
|
|
Term
[Storage]: a means to hold electrical or thermal energy |
|
Definition
Batteries, DHW tank, electrical grid |
|
|
Term
[Transformation]: a means to convert electrical or thermal energy into a more useful form |
|
Definition
Inverter, absorption chiller |
|
|
Term
Delivery: a means to serve the load required |
|
Definition
Electrical / HVAC equipment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the work required of a system |
|
|
Term
Standalone / Off-grid PV System |
|
Definition
A PV system which has no connection to electric utilities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A PV system which is connected to the electric utility; the grid serves as “storage” for the electricity generated. An inverter is required to transform the panels’ DC current to the grid’s AC current |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
excess electricity generated flows to the grid, offsetting electricity consumed by the customer at a different time |
|
|
Term
Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) |
|
Definition
A PV system with cells / modules incorporated as a integral part of the building envelope |
|
|
Term
Why is unobstructed area important? |
|
Definition
Cells are hardwired in series in a module, and modules are wired in series in a string. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Peak Kilowatt hours; used to express the peak power capacity of a PV array. Assume .08 - .15 ft2 of panels per W of peak output |
|
|
Term
Peak Kilowatt hours; used to express the peak power capacity of a PV array. Assume .08 - .15 ft2 of panels per W of peak output |
|
Definition
Cut from a single crystal of silicon, these cells have a smooth texture, and require a rigid frame. They are the most efficient and the most expensive. 15-20% efficiency |
|
|
Term
Polycrystalline silicon cells |
|
Definition
Cut from a block of silicon, these have a speckled appearance, and also require a rigid frame. Less efficient, and less expensive. 12-17% efficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A thin film of noncrystalline silicon is applied to a wide range of surfaces, which need not be rigid. Can create energy in low light conditions. Much less expensive. 5-7% efficiency |
|
|
Term
Non-silicon thin-film cells |
|
Definition
(CdTe, CUS, CIGS, organic): A thin film of non-silicon materials applied to a substrate, which need not be rigid. ~8-13% efficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rows of vacuum-sealed glass tubes, each with an antifreeze-filled absorber tube. Achieves high T and high efficiencies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A thin panel with a glass cover containing tubes of either water or an antifreeze. Produces lower temperatures and is less efficient , but more cost effective. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pwind = Power generated by wind ρ = density of air V = velocity of wind A = Swept area of the turbine |
|
|
Term
Objectives of Fire Safety |
|
Definition
1. Protection of life 2. Protection of building 3. Protection of contents 4. Continuity of operation |
|
|
Term
Design Hierarchy for Smoke and Fire Protection |
|
Definition
1. Basic fire resistance + egress 2. Smoke management 3. Fire suppression systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the corridor leading from an occupied space to an exit. Must be at least 44” or 60” clear width (depends on # occupants). Typ 1-hour rating. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The protected vertical or horizontal path leading to the outside. Typ 2-hour rating. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The horizontal path leading from the exit enclosure to the outside. Typ 2-hour rating. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A horizontal path that is protected like a fire stair, used to preserve continuity of enclosure for a fire stair which shifts laterally. (Typ 2-hour rating.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The way out must be separated by a distance not less than onehalf the diagonal of a room (with occupancy greater than 50 people) or floor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a corridor which does not have two means of egress (Limited by code.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the length of travel which does not present two independent means of egress to the occupant. This may include travel on a dead-end corridor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Theoretically secure and protected areas where people with mobility impairments can wait to be evacuated by firefighters. Typically within a 2-hour rated enclosure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A stair where the path of travel first passes by an opening to the outside, or through a shaft which is naturally or mechanically ventilated |
|
|
Term
Strategies for designing for smoke |
|
Definition
1. Confinement 2. Dilution / Exhaust 3. Pressurization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Strategies which provide additional protection for occupants in the VERY early stages of fire, especially in an open plan building |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Strategies which attempt to remove smoke from the building quickly, to prevent it from descending into the occupants’ breathing zone |
|
|
Term
forms of water suppression |
|
Definition
water sprinklers water-free |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pipes are filled with water, which is released locally when heat from a fire causes the sprinkler head to open |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pipes are filled with air, so when heat causes the sprinkler head to open there is a delay until water can get through the pipes to the location. Used in areas subject to freezing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
water-free fire suppression |
|
Definition
Intumescent materials cementitious materials3 halon gases foams CO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Technologically Enabling the High-rise City |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spring-activated braking mechanism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The most widely used, safest form of public transportation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cage of fire-resistant material supported on a frame, which is attached to either lifting cables (traction) or plunger |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A motor and pulley system which raises and lowers the elevator cab and counterweight. Usually located above the cab, but also possibly below or alongside cab. (Traction only) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cut steel plates stacked in a frame which balances the work of the elevator machine in a traction elevator. Usually equal to the empty weight of the car + 40%. (Traction only) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rails on the edges of the hoistway/ shaft which control the movement of the cab and / or the counterweight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The vertical passage way for cab and / or counterweights. (Traction and hydraulic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The room, usually directly above the hoistway, containing the elevator machine and controls. (Traction only) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Space below the lowest level served which allows for maintenance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cable-supported elevators which pull the cab using an elevator machine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Piston-supported elevators which push the cab using an plunger and pump system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Uses gears to adjust the ratio between the actual motor revolutions and the rotation of the elevator pulley |
|
|
Term
gearless traction machine |
|
Definition
The pulley is connected directly to the motor shaft. • Higher speed • Usually for buildings over ~15-20 stories. • More expensive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an enforceable body of rules which governs the design, construction, alterations or repair of buildings •Clear and unwavering – enforceable to the letter •Sets minimum standard of performance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An outline of a series of options for performance of building systems and assemblies. •Are often referenced by code, but are not strictly enforceable because of the provision for multiple paths to compliance. •Codes may reference specific options in standards for compliance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The ASHRAE standard governing the design of high-performance green buildings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Third-party verified evaluation and labeling of a product, system or a whole building. •Historically used for things like fire safety ratings of materials, which were then referenced by codes. Set criteria for construction and performance, not minimums. (“Carrot”, not “stick”.) Unlike safety ratings, green building rating systems are intended to be voluntary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
40-49 points = certified 50-59 points = silver 60-79 points = gold 80+ points = platinum |
|
|
Term
areas of performance for LEED |
|
Definition
sustainable sites water efficiency energy and atmosphere materials and resources indoor environmental quality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Not very challenging Expensive, slow, confusing, unwieldy Predicted, not measured performance General: not very place-specific Prescriptive: modest innovation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Clear benchmarks / thresholds Clear signal to the real estate market Improvements to the system over time Some basis of comparison for projects Measurable impacts over its tenure |
|
|
Term
Explicit goal for the future of LEED |
|
Definition
Documented net-zero environmental impact |
|
|
Term
EUI (Energy use intensity): |
|
Definition
The total annual energy consumption of a building, divided by its square footage. Measured in thousands of BTUs per square foot (kBTU/sf) |
|
|