Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Post Mid-Term
Thermal Controls
198
Architecture
Undergraduate 3
04/21/2016

Additional Architecture Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are some improvements to fireplaces
Definition
Combustion gases exchange heat with
room air.
Angled side walls improve surface
radiation to the room.
Coal combustion gases exchange heat
with flue damper
All of the above and separate supply of
combustion air
Term
What are some types of heating stoves?
Definition
Wood stove
Franklin Stove
Coal Stove
Term
Purpose of Ice Machine?
Definition
cooling theatre
Term
Invention of Ice Machine
Definition
1851
Term
Two iterations of ice machines?
Definition
Carrier’s “Apparatus for Treating Air” (1912)
Carrier igloo (1939 World’s Fair)
Term
HVAC
Definition
heating, ventilation and air conditioning
Term
Characteristics of Small Building HVAC
Definition
Usually skin-load dominated
Ventilation is usually not as much of an issue
Distribution in cavities of walls, floor, ceiling
Usually there are basements / crawl space / attic for equipment
Term
Two ways to organize heating + cooling systems:
Definition
Central
Local
Term
Two ways to deliver heat / cooling to occupants:
Definition
convection / radiation
Term
Two ways to move heat / cooling through buildings:
Definition
Pumped water or steam (hydronic)
Fan-driven air (forced air)
Term
forced air
Definition
fan driven air
Term
hydronic
Definition
pumped water or steam
Term
Can Small Buildings' HVAC systems heat or cool?
Definition
one or the other or both
Term
characteristics of local HVAC systems
Definition
Occupy less space
Lower first costs
Generally higher operating costs
and energy usage
Good for buildings with many small
spaces requiring individual control
Term
where are local HVAC systems used?
Definition
Small hotels, small
offices, renovated buildings
Term
characteristics of localcentral HVAC systems
Definition
Generally quieter
Generally more efficient
Better control of air quality
Tend to last longer and are easier to
service
May be problematic if individual
control or billing is required
Term
where are central HVAC systems used?
Definition
new buildings, especially
houses
Term
Two ways to provide comfort to occupants:
Definition
convection/conduction and radiation
Term
Convection / Conduction
Definition
Air is heated / cooled, which
in turn heats / cools the people
Term
How do forced air systems work?
Definition
convection/ conduction
Term
Radiation
Definition
A hot object radiates heat to people. A cold
object absorbs people’s radiant heat.
Term
How do hydronic systems work?
Definition
radiation
Term
do hydronic systems typically offer heating/ cooling/ both?
Definition
heating
Term
How many ways are there to disperse heat through buildings?
Definition
hydronic systems and forced air
Term
characteristics of hydronic systems?
Definition
Smaller distribution tree (pipes)
May have larger/noisier equipment in the
spaces
Can have better control of individual
zones
Term
do forced air systems typically offer heating/ cooling/ both?
Definition
heating only
or heating and cooling
Term
Hydronic heating system elements
Definition
Heat source
Distribution
Terminals
Convector
Fan Coil
Term
convector
Definition
a unit containing a heating element that allows air to be heated through natural convection, without an additional fan
Term
fan coil
Definition
a unit containing a heating element and a fan to initiate convective heating
Term
Series Loop Hydronic System
Definition
Water flows to and through
each terminal in turn.
Water at the end of the circuit is
cooler.
Individual valved control is not
possible – one zone system.
$
Term
One-pipe hydronic system
Definition
A valve controls each terminal
in the loop.
Water at the end of the circuit
is still cooler.
$$
Term
Two-pipe hydronic system
Definition
A valve controls each terminal in the
loop.
A separate loop carries cooler return
water, so each terminal has the
same temperature water.
$$$
Term
forced air heating system elements
Definition
Heat source
Distribution
Terminals
Heat pump
Term
Heat pump
Definition
An all electric heating /
cooling device that takes energy for
heating from outdoor air or a water supp
Term
location of terminals related to performance
Definition
Terminals on the perimeter provide better thermal comfort; the trade off is more heat loss.
Term
approaches to cooling
Definition
natural ventilation of fan based
evaporative cooling
refrigeration
Term
approaches to refrigeration
Definition
Absorption-based refrigeration
Compression-based refrigeration
Term
Condenser
Definition
The location where refrigerant
turns from gas into liquid, and releases heat to
an airstream.
Term
Direct expansion (DX) or evaporator coil
Definition
The location where refrigerant expands in
an evaporator, and absorbs heat from an
airstream
Term
package unit
Definition
location of condenser and expansion coils
Term
Large HVAC Building Exquipment
Definition
Boiler
Chiller
Cooling Tower
Fans
Term
where are the fans located in the Large system HVAC system
Definition
air handling unit (AHU)
Term
Air handling unit
Definition
An element containing at least the supply fans, coils, and air filter.
May also contain humidification section and plenum for mixing / discharging air
Term
Mechanical Room Design Considerations
Definition
Allow adequate space for equipment
Provide connection to distribution pathways
Consider weight of equipment for structure
Provide acoustic separation
Provide appropriate fire protection
Term
Cooling tower
Definition
A device that removes heat by evaporation in the outside air. It may work
by natural draft or with fans
Term
Mechanical Systems Integration Issues
Definition
Aesthetics
Human comfort
Efficiency / conservation
Appropriateness
Structural Integration
Term
Equipment to Integrate in HVAC systems
Definition
Mechanical rooms/floors
Cooling towers
Distribution
Terminals
Term
Cooling tower
Definition
A device that removes heat by evaporation in the outside air. It may work
by natural draft or with fans
Term
Mechanical Systems Integration Issues
Definition
Aesthetics
Human comfort
Efficiency / conservation
Appropriateness
Structural Integration
Term
Equipment to Integrate in HVAC systems
Definition
Mechanical rooms/floors
Cooling towers
Distribution
Terminals
Term
What MEEB Tables determine HVAC component system sizing
Definition
MEEB 12.7 and MEEB 12.8
Term
What elements of a building use the most energy?
Definition
water heating/ ventilation/ cooling/ space heating
Term
Energy Usage Intensity (EUI)
Definition
A metric for reporting a building’s energy use, measured in kBTU/sf/yr
Term
kBTU/sf/yr
Definition
Total energy consumed in one year is divided by the total area of the building
Term
2030 Challenge
Definition
asserts that the building sector must lead the way in energy use
reduction
Term
Site energy
Definition
The amount of energy consumed by a
building, as reflected in utility bills
Term
Primary energy
Definition
raw fuel burned to create heat
or electricity, such as natural gas or oil used for onsite generation.
Term
Secondary energy
Definition
the energy product (heat or
electricity) created from raw fuel, such as electricity purchased from an electrical grid
Term
Source energy
Definition
The total amount of raw fuel
required to operate a building
Term
functions of water in contemporary life
Definition
Nourishment
Cleansing + Hygiene
Ceremonial Uses
Cooling
Sewage Conveyance
Ornamental Uses
Fire protection
Term
Nourishment
Definition
people need about 3g/cd for cooking and drinking
livestock need about 2-35g/cd for drinking
Term
Cleansing + Hygiene
Definition
People (in the US ) use about 21 g/cd for bathing and personal hygiene.
Clothes- and dishwashing use about 14g/cd
Term
water as a means of cooling
Definition
passive and active systems
Term
types of water
Definition
Potable/ rainwater /storm water /grey water /black water
Term
Potable
Definition
Water that is suitable for drinking
Term
Rainwater
Definition
Clean water that falls as rain. Can be collected and used for irrigation,
toilet flushing, fire control, and cooling. [Potable uses if purified].
Term
Stormwater
Definition
Water that fell as rain, but has usually been contaminated by contact
with pollutants on the ground. This usually enters the a drainage system, may flow
directly to a lake or stream, or may be managed onsite.
Term
Greywater
Definition
Water from laundries, showers, bathroom sinks. Can be filtered and
reused for irrigation or toilet flushing
Term
Blackwater
Definition
Water from toilets, kitchen sinks
Term
Rain water drainage systems
Definition
Roof drains / Gutters
Term
roof drain
Definition
Roof drains connect to roof leaders or
conductors, which are vertical pipes that
ultimately connect to underground building
storm drain piping.
Term
gutters
Definition
Gutters drain to downspouts, which are either
connected to the storm sewer, or simply drain to
splash blocks, drywells, or other onsite disposal means
Term
uses for rain water
Definition
water for sanitation
irrigation water
drinking water
Increase groundwater recharge
Reduce storm water discharges,
urban floods and overloading of
sewage treatment plants
•Reduce seawater ingress in coastal
areas
Term
rain water harvesting process
Definition
Term
Rainwater Harvesting Process
Definition
[image]
Term
Rainwater Harvesting Process
Definition
[image]
Term
what kind of roofs do not permit rainwater catchment
Definition
Asphaltic, zinc, copper,
asbestos, lead
Term
Rainwater endowment
Definition
The total amount of water that is received in
the form of rainfall over an area
Term
catchment yield
Definition
the amount of rainwater that can be effectively harvested from total
Term
Collection efficiency
Definition
accounts for the fact that all the rainwater falling
over an area cannot be effectively harvested, because of evaporation,
spillage etc. Factors like runoff coefficient and the first-flush wastes are
taken into account when estimating the collection efficiency. (A
collection efficiency of 75% is typical.)
Term
what is a typical collection efficiency in rainwater catchment structures
Definition
75%
Term
What MEEB table exhibits catchment yield
Definition
MEEB 18.5
Term
challenges with storm water drains
Definition
Pollutants / soil erosion / potential overloading of sanitary system
Term
what forms of pollutants endanger rainwater
Definition
Motor Vehicles
Manufacturing Plant Emissions
Lawn fertilizer
Animal waste
Garbage
Construction debris
Term
what size sites are required to design a system for storm water collection
Definition
> / = 1 acre
Term
technical issues to storm water collection
Definition
Slow stormwater down to reduce erosion
and force water to drop its sediment
Reduce / disperse stormwater volume
Store/Infiltrate/Drain stormwater
Term
Design issue with storm water collection
Definition
Use stormwater as an asset in the
landscape
Term
Porous / Pervious pavement
Definition
uses high porosity asphalt, concrete,
incremental paving units, and open celled pavers to allow surface drainage
to penetrate to earth on the site.
Term
Raingardens and Onsite Infiltration
Definition
storm water is collected and discharged
to the ground onsite. Useful where soils are dry and absorptive.
Term
Swales
Definition
shallow sloped vegetated
channels which take surface runoff to a
point where it may be collected or
infiltrated
Term
Extensive green / vegetated roof
Definition
Typically 3-6 inches deep, lightweight, used for stormwater retention and runoff
reduction. Plantings are sedums and grasses
Term
Intensive green / vegetated roof
Definition
Intensive green / vegetated roof
Term
popular plants in vegetated roofs
Definition
sedum
Term
Composting toilet
Definition
Waterless human waste
receptacle which uses aerobic digestion to
break down wastes.
Term
Waterless fixtures
Definition
Vault type composting toilet
Term
Sanitary Drainage System
Definition
Conveys waste and sewage
from all plumbing fixtures
to an approved or
“acceptable” disposal
location.
Term
slope to move waste water
Definition
slope must not be less than 1/4” per foot for small
lines, or less than 1/8” per foot for larger lines
Term
Trap
Definition
a device used to provide a water seal at the outlet of a plumbing fixture
Term
Vent
Definition
a device used to ventilate piping and break siphonage of water out of traps
Term
DWV piping
Definition
Used for drain, waste, or vent piping
Term
What sections are MEEB are used to size sewage systems
Definition
Table 20.2: Drainage Fixture Units
Table 20.3: Size of Fixture Branches and Stacks
Table 20.4: Size of Vent Stacks
Term
what determines sizing for sewage systems
Definition
The number and type of fixtures being served
The DFU for each fixture
The number of branches feeding the pipe
Max vent length
Term
Primary sewage treatment
Definition
Screening, settling of solids and anaerobic digestion of
organic material
Term
Secondary sewage treatment
Definition
Aerobic digestion and filtration
Term
Tertiary treatment
Definition
Any other treatment required to allow effluent to be discharged to
the ecosystem. Often includes chlorination and / or UV treatment
Term
sewage treatment systems
Definition
On-site / Decentralized
vs
Centralized
Term
On-site / Decentralized sewage treatment
Definition
Sewage is treated
at or near the location where it is created.
Often this is primary or primary +
secondary treatment.
Term
Centralized sewage treatment
Definition
Sewage is collected and treated
at a single large facility, usually primary,
secondary and tertiary treatment.
Term
Septic system
Definition
An onsite primary
and secondary sewage treatment
system, typically in residential
projects
Term
CSO (Combined sewer overflow)
Definition
When sanitary
sewage and stormwater overload a collection
system after a rain event and are discharge,
untreated, into a water body.
Term
Steps to treat sewage
Definition
Primary treatment – sedimentation tank
Aeration tanks
Ducts supply air to aeration tanks
Final settling
Chlorination
Sludge dewatering
Sludge incineration
Effluent just before release to Niagara river
Term
Electricity
Definition
Shaper of architectural form and use of space
Term
Current (I)
Definition
the flow of
electrons, measured in amps
Term
Voltage (V)
Definition
Voltage (V)
Term
Resistance (R)
Definition
the opposition
to the flow of electrons,
measured in Ohms
Term
Ohm’s law
Definition
The voltage in an
electrical circuit is equal to the
current times the resistance
Term
v=IR
Definition
voltage = current x Resistance
Term
Power
Definition
The rate at which energy is consumed, measured in watts for electricity
Term
Energy
Definition
power over time (Whr)
Term
Wattage =
Definition
voltage(V) x amperage (I)
Term
Power (watts)=
Definition
voltage (volts) x current (amps)
Term
Faraday’s law
Definition
An electric current flowing through a conductor generates a magnetic field.
Moving a conductor in a magnetic field can establish an electric current
Term
Direct current (DC)
Definition
Current which moves in one direction in a wire.
Sources include batteries, DC generators, equipment power supplies (AC to
DC converters), and photovoltaic cells.
Term
Alternating current (AC)
Definition
Current which continually reverses direction. In the US, this happens
at a rate of 60 cycles per second. (60 Hz)
Term
Transformer
Definition
A device which changes electric voltage by creating two distinct electric currents;
conductors from each are wrapped around a metal core. The voltage change will be
proportional to the number of windings of each circuit around a metal core
Term
Advantages of AC over DC transmission
Definition
Long distance power transmission
Three phase AC can handle more
power
AC motors have a simpler construction
(don’t require brushes)
Three phase AC motors don’t require
special starting equipment
Term
Advantages of DC over AC transmission
Definition
Electricity must be generated near the
point of use
A typical byproduct (steam) of
electricity production could be
harnessed easily. (ie Combined Heat
and Power or CHP, or co-generation)
Greater source energy conversion
efficiencies
Term
Overhead service drop
Definition
A typical
electrical service for residential
and small commercial buildings.
A pole-mounted transformer
steps voltage down and splits into
single phase
Term
Underground service
Definition
Electricity
is brought to the building via
underground ducts. Usually the
customer has to install the
underground service, not the
utility. Transformer may be
outside or inside
Term
Electrical meter
Definition
device provided by the electrical utility to measure and
record electricity usage
Term
Panel boards:
Definition
A set of fuses or circuit breakers that control the circuit loading
in a building. This provides a central distribution point for a whole building, a
floor, or a part of a floor
Term
types of electric conduit
Definition
rigid / electrical metallic tubing / flexible metal conduit ("flex") / sheathed wire ("romex")
Term
Ground fault (circuit) interrupter (GFCI or GFI)
Definition
Short circuit protection device
which detects a continual loss to ground, even when the power is shut off.
Term
Photovoltaics (PV)
Definition
Technology that produce electricity through direct conversion of incident
solar radiation. PVs produce direct current (DC) electricity, which can be used for DC loads,
stored in a battery, or converted to alternating current (AC) for use with conventional
appliances or connection to the grid. PV modules are typically .08 - .15 sf per watt.
Term
Solar thermal (ST)
Definition
Technology that converts incident solar radiation into heat, typically hot
water or a working fluid.
Term
Wind turbine
Definition
Technology that produces electricity through translation of kinetic energy into
electrical energy
Term
Common organizational elements of active solar systems
Definition
Collection/ Storage/ Transformation/ Delivery/ Load/
Term
Collection: a means to gather solar energy as
thermal or electrical energy
Definition
Solar panel, solar thermal
collector, wind turbine
Term
[Storage]: a means to hold electrical or thermal
energy
Definition
Batteries, DHW tank,
electrical grid
Term
[Transformation]: a means to convert electrical
or thermal energy into a more useful form
Definition
Inverter, absorption chiller
Term
Delivery: a means to serve the load required
Definition
Electrical / HVAC equipment
Term
Load
Definition
the work required of a system
Term
Standalone / Off-grid PV System
Definition
A PV system which has no
connection to electric utilities
Term
Grid-tied PV System
Definition
A PV system which is connected to the electric utility; the
grid serves as “storage” for the electricity generated. An inverter is required
to transform the panels’ DC current to the grid’s AC current
Term
“net-metering"
Definition
excess electricity
generated flows to the grid, offsetting electricity consumed by the customer
at a different time
Term
Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV)
Definition
A PV system with cells /
modules incorporated as a integral part of the building envelope
Term
Why is unobstructed area important?
Definition
Cells are hardwired in series in a module, and modules are wired in series in a string.
Term
kWp
Definition
Peak Kilowatt hours; used to express the
peak power capacity of a PV array. Assume .08
- .15 ft2 of panels per W of peak output
Term
Peak Kilowatt hours; used to express the
peak power capacity of a PV array. Assume .08
- .15 ft2 of panels per W of peak output
Definition
Cut from a
single crystal of silicon, these cells have a
smooth texture, and require a rigid frame.
They are the most efficient and the most
expensive.
15-20% efficiency
Term
Polycrystalline silicon cells
Definition
Cut from a block
of silicon, these have a speckled appearance,
and also require a rigid frame. Less efficient,
and less expensive.
12-17% efficiency
Term
Amorphous silicon cells
Definition
A thin film of noncrystalline
silicon is applied to a wide range of
surfaces, which need not be rigid. Can create
energy in low light conditions. Much less
expensive.
5-7% efficiency
Term
Non-silicon thin-film cells
Definition
(CdTe, CUS, CIGS,
organic): A thin film of non-silicon materials
applied to a substrate, which need not be
rigid.
~8-13% efficiency
Term
Evacuated tube collector
Definition
Rows of vacuum-sealed
glass tubes, each with an antifreeze-filled absorber
tube. Achieves high T and high efficiencies.
Term
Flat plate collector
Definition
A thin panel with a glass cover
containing tubes of either water or an antifreeze.
Produces lower temperatures and is less efficient ,
but more cost effective.
Term
Pwind = ½ ρ V^3 A
Definition
Pwind = Power generated by wind
ρ = density of air
V = velocity of wind
A = Swept area of the turbine
Term
Objectives of Fire Safety
Definition
1. Protection of life
2. Protection of building
3. Protection of contents
4. Continuity of operation
Term
Design Hierarchy for Smoke and Fire
Protection
Definition
1. Basic fire resistance + egress
2. Smoke management
3. Fire suppression systems
Term
Exit access corridor
Definition
the corridor leading
from an occupied space to an exit. Must
be at least 44” or 60” clear width
(depends on # occupants). Typ 1-hour
rating.
Term
Exit enclosure:
Definition
The protected vertical or
horizontal path leading to the outside. Typ
2-hour rating.
Term
Exit discharge
Definition
The horizontal path leading
from the exit enclosure to the outside. Typ
2-hour rating.
Term
Exit passageway
Definition
A horizontal path that is
protected like a fire stair, used to preserve
continuity of enclosure for a fire stair which
shifts laterally. (Typ 2-hour rating.)
Term
One-half diagonal rule
Definition
The way out must be separated by a distance not less than onehalf
the diagonal of a room (with occupancy greater than 50 people) or floor.
Term
dead-end corridor
Definition
a corridor which does not have two means of egress (Limited by code.)
Term
Common path
Definition
the length of travel which does not present two independent means of
egress to the occupant. This may include travel on a dead-end corridor.
Term
Area of refuge
Definition
Theoretically secure and
protected areas where people with mobility
impairments can wait to be evacuated by
firefighters.
Typically within a 2-hour rated enclosure.
Term
Smoke-proof stairs
Definition
A stair where the path of travel
first passes by an opening to the outside, or through a
shaft which is naturally or mechanically ventilated
Term
Strategies for designing for smoke
Definition
1. Confinement
2. Dilution / Exhaust
3. Pressurization
Term
Smoke confinement:
Definition
Strategies which provide additional protection for occupants in
the VERY early stages of fire, especially in an open plan building
Term
Smoke exhaust / dilution
Definition
Strategies which attempt to remove smoke from the building
quickly, to prevent it from descending into the occupants’ breathing zone
Term
forms of water suppression
Definition
water
sprinklers
water-free
Term
Wet sprinkler system
Definition
pipes are filled with water, which is released locally when
heat from a fire causes the sprinkler head to open
Term
Dry sprinkler system
Definition
pipes are filled with air, so when heat causes the sprinkler
head to open there is a delay until water can get through the pipes to the
location. Used in areas subject to freezing
Term
Intumescent materials
Definition
paints, caulks, putties
Term
water-free fire suppression
Definition
Intumescent materials
cementitious materials3
halon gases
foams
CO2
Term
Elevators
Definition
Technologically Enabling the High-rise City
Term
Elisha Graves Otis
Definition
spring-activated braking mechanism
Term
Elevators
Definition
The most widely used, safest form of public transportation
Term
Elevator Cab / Car
Definition
Cage of fire-resistant material
supported on a frame, which is attached to
either lifting cables (traction) or plunger
Term
Elevator machine
Definition
A motor and pulley system
which raises and lowers the elevator cab and
counterweight. Usually located above the cab,
but also possibly below or alongside cab.
(Traction only)
Term
Counterweight
Definition
Cut steel plates stacked in a
frame which balances the work of the elevator
machine in a traction elevator. Usually equal to
the empty weight of the car + 40%.
(Traction only)
Term
Guiderails
Definition
Rails on the edges of the hoistway/
shaft which control the movement of the cab
and / or the counterweight
Term
Hoistway / shaft
Definition
The vertical passage way
for cab and / or counterweights.
(Traction and hydraulic)
Term
Machine room
Definition
The room, usually directly above
the hoistway, containing the elevator machine and
controls. (Traction only)
Term
Pit
Definition
Space below the lowest level served
which allows for maintenance
Term
Traction elevator
Definition
Cable-supported
elevators which pull the cab using an
elevator machine.
Term
Hydraulic elevator
Definition
Piston-supported
elevators which push the cab using an
plunger and pump system
Term
Geared traction machine
Definition
Uses gears to
adjust the ratio between the actual
motor revolutions and the rotation of
the elevator pulley
Term
gearless traction machine
Definition
The pulley is
connected directly to the motor shaft.
• Higher speed
• Usually for buildings over ~15-20 stories.
• More expensive
Term
(Building) Code
Definition
an enforceable body of
rules which governs the design,
construction, alterations or repair
of buildings
•Clear and unwavering –
enforceable to the letter
•Sets minimum standard of
performance
Term
(Building) Standard
Definition
An outline of a series of options for performance of building systems and assemblies.
•Are often referenced by code, but are not strictly enforceable because of the provision for
multiple paths to compliance.
•Codes may reference specific options in standards for compliance
Term
ASHRAE Standard 189.1
Definition
The ASHRAE standard governing the design of high-performance green buildings.
Term
Rating System
Definition
Third-party verified evaluation and labeling of a product, system
or a whole building.
•Historically used for things like fire safety ratings of materials, which were then referenced by codes.
Set criteria for construction and performance, not minimums. (“Carrot”, not
“stick”.)
Unlike safety ratings, green building rating systems are intended to be voluntary
Term
LEED System Credits
Definition
40-49 points = certified
50-59 points = silver
60-79 points = gold
80+ points = platinum
Term
areas of performance for LEED
Definition
sustainable sites
water efficiency
energy and atmosphere
materials and resources
indoor environmental quality
Term
Critiques of LEED
Definition
Not very challenging
Expensive, slow, confusing, unwieldy
Predicted, not measured performance
General: not very place-specific
Prescriptive: modest innovation
Term
Strengths of LEED
Definition
Clear benchmarks / thresholds
Clear signal to the real estate market
Improvements to the system over time
Some basis of comparison for projects
Measurable impacts over its tenure
Term
Explicit goal for the future of LEED
Definition
Documented net-zero environmental impact
Term
EUI (Energy use intensity):
Definition
The total annual energy consumption of a building, divided by its
square footage. Measured in thousands of BTUs per square foot (kBTU/sf)
Supporting users have an ad free experience!