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| nomadic cultures that developed over the centuries, based on camel and goat herding;nomadic pastorialists of the Arabian Peninsula; early converts to Islam |
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| leaders of the tribes and clans withing a bedouin society; elected by councils and elder advisers; almost always men with large herds, several wives, and many children |
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| link in the transcontinental trading system; located in the mountainous region along Red Sea in the Arabian Peninsula; founded by the Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad, location of chief religious pilgrimmage point in Islam |
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| "Yathrib"; town located NE of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to the bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca (hijra) |
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| one of the most revered religious shrines in Pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca;focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam |
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| recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam |
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| the political and religious successor to Muhammad |
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| cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the Orthodox Catholics; focus for Shi'is |
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| caliph from 632-634;one of Muhammad's earliest converts; succeeded with Muhammad as first caliph of Islamic community |
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| backed with the Umayyads; political and theological division within Islam |
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| supporters of Ali; political and theological division within Islam |
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| defeat and death of Husayn,son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'i resistance to Umayyad caliphate |
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| Non-Arab converts to Islam |
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| "people of the book"; applied an inclusive term to Jews and Christians in the Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus |
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| Nomads from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century |
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| Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam |
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| mystics within Islam; responsible for the expansion of Islam to southeastern Asia |
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| ritual in India of immolating surviving widows with the bodies of their deceased husbands |
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| African societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states |
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| extensive grassland at the southern edge of the Sahara; a point of exchange between the forests to the south and north africa |
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| professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisers to kings within the Mali empire |
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| Arabic traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records |
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| New church constructed in the Constantinople during reign of Justinian |
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| images of religious figures that became objects of veneration's within Christianity of the Byzantine Empire; particularly prevalent in Eastern Monaticism |
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| religious controversy within Byzantine Empire in the 8th century; emperor tired to suppress veneration of icons; "breaking images"; after long struggle, icon veneration was restored |
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| Eastern Roman emperor from 527-565ce; tried to restore unity to the old Roman empire;issued most famous complication of Roman law |
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| Russian aristocrats; possessed less political power than did their counterparts in Western Europe |
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| Mongols; captured Russian cities and largely destroyed Kievan State in 1236; left Russian Orthodoxy and aristocracy intact |
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| A medieval Slavic state that was the forerunner of modern Russia; earliest predecessor |
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| system the described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land |
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| the period in Western European history from the decline and fall of the Roman Empire until the 15th century |
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| peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages |
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| Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany around 800 |
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| the social organization created during the Middle Ages by exchanging land grants or fiefs in return for formal oaths of allegiance and promises of royal service; typical of Zhou Dynasty; greater lords provided protection and aid to lesser lords in return for military service |
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| members of the military elite in the middle ages who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty |
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| Great Charter issued by Kind John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal nights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy |
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| called first Crusade in 1905; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Italy land from the Muslims |
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| sworn associations of people in the same business or trade in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limitied membership, regulates apprenticeship, guranteed good workmanship; often established frachise within cities |
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| "Bubonic Plague"; plague that struck Europe in the 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure |
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| The Holy Roman Empire was a successor state to the old Roman empire founded in 800 by Charlemagne |
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| Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to Western Europe |
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| "Hildebrand";15th Roman Catholic pontiff 1073-1085; in charge of the patrimony of Saint Peter; helped bring Christianity to the forefront of everyday life in the Middle Ages |
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| architectural engineering |
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| the branch of engineering that deals with the construction of buildings |
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| branch of science that deals with celestial objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole |
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| series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily suceeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms, later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy |
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| characteristic of the time of chivalry and knighthood in the Middle ages |
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| government: the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit |
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| cultural and political movement in Western Europe;began in Italy c.1400; rested on Urban vitality and expanding commerse; featured a literature and art with distinctly more secular priorities then those of the Middle ages |
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