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| exercise of power over public policy, process, or how a policy is formed and adopted. |
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| what public officials within government, and by extension the citizens they represent, choose to do or not do about public problems. this can include passing laws or approving regulations, spending money, or providing tax breaks, among other things |
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| deconstruction an object of study, breaking it down into its basic element to understand it better. |
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| to give power to a group or branch so one doesn't have more more than another. It is another form of check and balances. |
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| is a type of market Failure and it is defined by its ability to jointly consume and exclusion is not feasible. |
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| Market failure; where by a good is defined by its ability to be jointly consumed and exclusion is feasible. |
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| are goods that cannot be jointly consumed and for which exclusion is not feasible. |
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| goods that is private and for which there is no market failure. |
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| the market, private is not efficient and requires government intervention. |
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| market failure; that occurs where two parties interact in a market and a third party is harmed as a result, does not compensate for the harm. |
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| market failure; that occurs where two parties interact in a market and a third party is benefits as a result |
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| it is under the Executive Branch, it consists of federal agencies and the exacts the orders of the president |
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| Sub-governmental / issue Networks |
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| term used to describe how policy making occurs in less formal setting or venues and involving policy actors with in particular areas ( National defense) |
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| Incremental ism ( incremental policymaking) |
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| policy changes that occur in small steps; adjustments are made at the margins of existing policies through minor amendments |
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| Advocacy Coalition Framework |
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| Policy making theory by Paul Sabatier focuses on interaction of competing advocacy coalition within a public subsystem |
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| are groups of people who are fighting for a cause or a problem to be solved |
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| step in policy process where by policy actors attempt to get an issue seriously considered for public action |
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| Examination by a country's courts of the actions of the legislative, executive, and administrative branches of government to ensure that those actions conform to the provisions of the constitution. |
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| First decision of the Supreme Court of the United States to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional, thus establishing the doctrine of judicial review. Pres. Thomas Jefferson ordered Secretary of State James Madison to withhold from William Marbury the commission of his appointment by former Pres. John Adams as justice of the peace in the District of Columbia. Marbury then requested that the Supreme Court compel Madison to deliver his commission. In denying his request, the court held that it lacked jurisdiction because the section of the Judiciary Act passed by Congress in 1789 that authorized the Court to issue such a writ was unconstitutional and thus invalid. |
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| The difference between policy outputs and policy out comes? |
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Policy outputs- the formal actions that the government takes to pursue their goal.
Policy Outcomes- the effects that policy outputs, such as passing a law, have on a society. |
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| The Historical development of Public Policy |
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Divided power- divided policy making power between the states and the national gov. the Constitution places limits on the scope of the gov. it delegates the powers to the branches
State activism( period of Change)- Civil war happened, the 13,14,15 amendments were added to the constitution, Difficulty of enforcing civil rights. Plessy v Ferguson returned power to the states to address civil rights.
National activism- great depression, new deal and WWI, the federal government were involved in policy making, and set the tone for national security.
National Standard - LBJ's great society, formal study of public policy begins, fed. gov. set standards for states, states capacity to make and enforce policy grew, Congressional powers. |
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| What is unique about the US context of policy making |
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Ideological- Americans and their representatives have not been quick to shift their basic beliefs. (liberty, Equality etc.
Stability of Power- preserving power. interests with most advantages are in power and most interested and able to maintain status quo, denial of political power to larger groups of people
Political stability- same constitution structure since 1789, rules have remained
Policy Restraint- Two house congress, federalism, separation of powers. House= peoples voice, Senate= the control of the fads. |
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| The three Features of the Constitutional structure that Promote policy restraint/ |
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Two house Congress, House= the voice, the Senate= control against fads, Congress Slows down policies making committees, filibuster, seniority.Provides thinking upon the issue.
Federalism- is the separation of Powers.
Separation of power- # branch government, with the powers of Veto, Override Veto, Voicing our opinions. |
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| The five policy making Environments/ Context |
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Cultural Values - belief in the Community.
Governmental- regulations, laws internal policies.
Political parties- that are in power, ideals, and national mood.
Social
Economic |
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| The three kinds of Rationales for governmental involvement |
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political reason- public opinion or social movement,public concern about the need for gov. to act on issues originally not within ( civil rights Act, medicare)
Moral or Ethical reason- Gov. action as a right thing to do, poverty, hunger, human rights abuses, social sec. Invasion of Iraq.
Economical- market failure when private market is not efficient in four types. (monopolies, oligopoly, externalities, information failure) |
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| Four types of Market Failures |
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Negative externalities- market failure; that occurs where two parties interact in a market and a third party is harmed as a result, does not compensate for the harm.
Positive externalities- market failure; that occurs where two parties interact in a market and a third party is benefits as a result
Public Good the ability to exclude someone from getting the good and the ability to jointly consume.
Information failure- to have a perfect competition willing buyer and sellers must have all of the information needed to enter into a transaction or exchange. |
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Pure Public Goods- is a type of market Failure and it is defined by its ability to jointly consume and exclusion is not feasible.
Toll Goods- Market failure; where by a good is defined by its ability to be jointly consumed and exclusion is feasible.
Pure private Goods- goods that individual have paid for and thusly dictate who uses it.
Common pool resources- resources that are shared by a society and available to all to consume (ocean, Lakes, Rivers) |
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| Who makes up the Executive branch and How are they involved in the policy process |
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| President, Vice Presidents, Government agency, cabinet. Responsible for carrying out laws, agenda setting, defining and manage policy agenda, policy formulation, Policy adapted, implementation, Ex. orders |
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| Advantage of the president in Policy process |
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| Advantages: Veto Social array, implementation, Unitary branch of gov., media and public attention, Information advantage, Ex. orders |
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| What is bureaucracy and what role does it play in public policy making? What are the limitations or caution? |
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| execute the orders, they gain certain attention for problems. Makes reports and issues. Limitations fixed division of labor, Hierarchy of officials, general rules that govern performances, separation of personal from professional |
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| Who, what agencies and departments make up the federal Bureaucracy? (15) |
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| Cabinet, Agencies, departments, V.P. C omission, FAA, FDA, FBI, CIA, NASA, EPA, IRC, FCC, NRC |
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| The role of legislative branch in policy making and the ways this branch influences the policy process? |
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| They slow things down, they gain the attention. they have committees that can determine what is important or not. |
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| Who makes up the federal judiciary? |
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| Provides an opportunity to examine what types of supreme Crt. decision and the justices who made them affect Public Policy. |
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| The Judiciary's role in Public policy? |
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| The ruling affects policies, court appeals, play a vital role in the process by interpreting the policy decision made by others last word on policy. |
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| Five theories of politics and public policy |
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Elite Theory- the public does not matter than those of smaller gov. Dean, ceo, Focus on leaders.
Group theory- Public policy is a result of citizens struggle between organized interest groups. The power belongs with the groups not the elite.
Institutional theory- looks at legal aspects of governing struct. Looks how different institutions are structured and their interaction.
Rational Choice- Public choice or formal theory, Public policy is the result of the actions of self interested individual policy actors.
Political Systems- Interrelationships between institution actors and the environment. |
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| the six stages in the Policy Process Model. |
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Agenda Setting- defining the problem,
Policy formulation- setting goals and strategy
Policy Legitimation- mobilization of political support,
Implementation- pulling together resources to pursue the goals
Policy and Program Evaluation- Measurement and assessment
Policy Change - Modification of policy goals |
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| 5 kinds of Policy Instruments |
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Regulations- requires or prevents something
Government Management direct services, education, defense, public parks
Taxing and spending
Market Mechanisms
Intervening using incentives |
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| Four main Policy Typologies |
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Distributive- individual program or groups that a gov. provides without regard to limit resources or zero sum
Redistribute- Provides benefits to one group at the expense of another, Winners and losers are associated with a policy approval,
Regulatory- Governmental restrictions of individual choice to keep conduct from transcending acceptable bounds
Constitutional Policies Rules about Rules and authority |
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| Three type of Regulatory policy |
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Competitive- regulation of specific Industry and their practices
Protective- protects general public from actions taken in private sector
Social- the exercise of legal authority to modify, or replace community values moral practice and norms interpersonal conduct. |
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| 5 kinds of informal actors in the policy process |
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Citizens
Interest groups
political parties
Think Tanks and research Groups
Communication Media |
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| What are the different kinds of Interest groups |
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| Sierra Club, National Rifle association,Christian Coalition, AARP, |
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| The roles interest groups play in the policy process and the activities these groups engage in |
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Interest groups influence by public opinion and agenda setting;
In lobbying |
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| How political Parties influence or affect the policy process |
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| Provide voters with cues for voting, Transmitting political preferences from electorate to elected branches, help create packages of policy ideals, affect the organization of legislature branch ( election of leader, division of committee, work etc. |
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| 5 Steps in the policy Analysis Process |
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1. Define and Analyze the problem
2. Construct policy alternatives
3. Develop evaluate criteria
4. Asses Alternatives
%. Draw conclusion |
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| Root causes versus proximate causes |
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Root causes- the basic or fundamental causes of public problems, sometimes referred to as underlying causes.
Proximate causes those causes of public policy problems that are most direct or immediate, and sometimes easier to handle. |
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| Three Important features of public problem |
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1. involves facts facts and values people may know many facts about public problems, but they solve public problems on the basis of their values
2. Public problems affect people as public citizens rather than as private individuals
3. Public problems occur in public settings such as communities, rather than private. |
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| 6 Major components of problem analysis |
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| Define the problem, Measure the problem, determine the extent or magnitude of the problem, Think about the problem's causes, set goals or objective, Determine what can be done, |
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| Rational analysis V democratic politics |
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Rational uses economical analysis and other quantitative methods to find the most logical, efficient, and they hope effective ways to deal with public problems.
Democratic political processes citizens involvement and data collecting. |
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Contentious - value critical using paradigm challenging approaches
Consensual- mainstream public values |
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Contentious - value critical using paradigm challenging approaches
Consensual- mainstream public values |
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| Comprehensive Analysis v Short term |
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Comprehensive- complex, controversial,and costly policy. Academic and natural stuff uses this. ) Special Commissions)
Short term policy- is good for a quick fix or aiming it to a policy maker ( think tanks) |
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| The process of governing and control of and administer of public policy in a public unit. |
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