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| arrangements that improve the welfare of a state or society, even when those arrangements may be of greater benefit to other states or societies. |
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| arrangements that improve the welfare of a state or society to a greater degree than they do for other states or societies. |
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| a policy of minimizing trade in favor of domestic production of all goods and services required by society. (no imports or exports, seclude yourself, make all of your own products. Not very successful) |
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| (a) Many relative historical facts never surface. (b) historical facts get sifted early on. (You record the triumphant facts and stress the positive, not the negative/failures). (c) All history is contemporary; each age writes the history of the past in a different way. (d) Conclusion = all histories are equal. |
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| Instead of nation-states going to war with each other, it will become civilizations going to war with each other. (Iran and Iraq disprove this theory – they are of the same civilization, but they are still killing each other. (could relate this to democratic peace?) |
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| A good, provided to the collective that cannot be consumed exclusively by those who pay for it, or denied to those who don’t; also called a “public good”. |
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| corr: the simultaneous change in two variables./ caus: The act of causing something to happen |
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| a perspective that attributes underdevelopment in the Global South to the unequal economic relationships linking industrialized and non-industrialized countries. a Marxist-oriented theory that explains the lack of capital accumulation in the third world as a result of the interplay between domestic class relations and the forces of foreign capital |
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| the benefits or costs of goods experienced by those who do not own them (private goods) or who have not contributed to them (collective or public goods). |
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| First Strike, Second Strike Capabilities |
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| 1st strike: The ability to launch an initial nuclear attack on an opponent and greatly reduce its ability to retaliate. 2nd strike – the capacity to absorb an enemy’s initial nuclear attack and have enough weapons remaining to inflict unacceptable damage in retaliation. |
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| a state that benefit from other states contributions, giving nothing in return. This leads to a situation in which individuals who stand to benefit from a collective good have no incentive to contribute, thus threatening the provision of the good. |
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| Free Trade, Comparative Advantage |
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| no tariffs on trade. The benefits of specializing in goods that a state can produce relatively efficiently, even if that state is not the most efficient producer in an absolute sense. (i.e. vineland and grassland). |
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| A process whereby economic, political, and sociocultural transactions are decreasingly constrained by national boundaries and the authority of national governments. |
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| Interdependence (sensitivity and vulnerability) |
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| a relationship in which changes or events in one part of the system produce some reaction or have some significant consequence for other parts of the system. |
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| Just War Traditions (Jus ad bellum; jus in bello) |
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A set of principles that identify the circumstances justifying the resort to war, and once begun, the requirements for just conduct in the war. Jus Ad Bellum: 1.) Just Cause. 2.) Legitimate Authority. 3.) Right Intent. 4.) Proportionalities (save more lives than you take, or are already being taken, i.e. Hussein). 5.) Peace is the Ultimate End. 6.) War is a last resort. Must have ALL.
Jus in Belle: 1.) Discrimination (kill only combatants). 2.) Proportionality. |
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| Military Industrial Complex |
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| sectors of society that benefit from spending on national defense, including the defense industry and professional military establishment. (i.e. military personnel making up serious issues so they still have a job and get paid.) |
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| New International Economic Order |
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| Economic arrangements more favorable to the South, including commodity price stabilization, development assistance, and debt relief |
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| The inequality in development between industrialized countries, located mainly in the Northern Hemisphere, and developing countries, located mainly in the Southern Hemisphere. |
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| Peace Dividend (Guns vs. Butter trade-off) |
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| guns v. butter – a way to summarize the presumed trade-offs between military preparedness and economic performance during peacetime. (turning military objects into civilian objects, such as the warhead being turned into a dime-jar, make up for the revenue lost during wartime) |
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| Second Debate (Bull and Singer) |
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| Wisdom/single case study of history vs. Social Science (the first debate is the perpetual dialogue). Wisdom: one case study highly specialized in one geographic area. The strengths of this method are that it is very in depth, and the weaknesses are that the ‘specialist’ could very well be making things up, there is no real way to falsify this method, you must take them at their word. Social Science: Take many similar cases, generalize them and create charts and data from it. This method strength is that it is very organized, there are many cases, and you can replicate your case studies on other states/etc. It is also easy to falsify this method, which makes it stronger still. |
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| The threat to shared resources that comes from individuals having few incentives to curb their destructive behavior. a collective goods dilemna that is created when common environmental assets (such as the world's fisheries) are depleted or degraded through the failure of states to cooperate effectively. |
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| Bretton Woods System (IMG, World Bank, GATT-WTO) |
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a system of rules, institutions, and procedures to regulate the international monetary system. included in these rules was an obligation for each country to adopt a monetary policy that maintained the exchange rate of its currency within a fixed value in terms of gold; and, secondly, the ability of the IMF to bridge temporary imbalances of payments.
IMF: The IMF: 183 members that ensure stable rate of exchange. IMF conditionality: loans granted only if borrower agrees with conditions to ensure payback. WTO: General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs now the WTO 142 members in a forum for negotiations on trade liberalization. World Bank: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development now the World Bank: lends money to poorer countries and new markets.GATT= general agreement on tariffs and trade.
This was a very successful system until the U.S. switched from gold to dollars. |
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this usually includes a ban on trade or a very heavy tariff on imports and exports.
he Iraq sanctions: The United Nations and United States both imposed stringent economic sanctions on Iraq from Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990 through the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003. |
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| There is no history after the cold war anymore, because the west has won, that is, the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government. |
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| United Nations Security Council |
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| the most powerful organ of the United Nations. It is charged with maintaining peace and security between nations. While other organs of the UN only make recommendations to member governments, the Security Council has the power to make decisions which member governments must carry out under the United Nations Charter. The decisions of the Council are known as UN Security Council Resolutions. 5 permanent members: US, China, France, Russia, UK. 10 rotating members. |
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| A strategy developed by Osgood that says that the nuclear weapons acquired in a quest for national security but creating an increasingly less secure world can be remedied by a policy of unilateral moves to defuse tension could invite reciprocal moves by an opponent, instead of trying to outdo each other in the arms race. |
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