Term
|
Definition
the number of microbes in one dose that will kill off 50% of inoculated test animals
*so the lower the number of cells the higher the virulence |
|
|
Term
| ID50 (Infectious Dose 50%) |
|
Definition
| the number of microbes in a dose required to produce infection in 50% of test animals inoculated |
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Term
| What are the different ways that a microbe can enter a host? |
|
Definition
1) Portals of entry
2) Cell wall components
3) Numbers of invading microbes
4) Adherence
5) Capsules
6) Penetratio of the cytoskeleton
7) Enzymes |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common preferred portal of entry for microbes? |
|
Definition
| Mucous membranes, specifically of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts |
|
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Term
| What is septic shock and what is it caused by? |
|
Definition
*Septic shock is a decrease in blood pressure caused by *gram-negative* bacteria death releasing TNF with increases permeability resulting in fluid loss and decreased BP.
*Phagocytes ingest GNB and produce TNF
-TNF- tumor necrosis factor- binds to tissues and alters their metabolism,damaged capillaries= increases their permeability= loss in fluid = loss in BP |
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Term
|
Definition
*produced by Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria
*effects may be against organs distant from the site of infection
-there are three functional types
(1)A-B Toxins
(2)Membrane-disrupting toxins
(3)Superantigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A = active component enzyme
B = Binding component that attaches to the host cell and brings the A-component into the cell |
|
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Term
|
Definition
*Produced by Gram-negative bacteria
*released when the bacteria die and cell wall lysis occurs
*can cause fever, weakness, aches and shock |
|
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Term
| What are the two major types of Phagocytic leukocytes? |
|
Definition
-Monocytes
-Neutrophilic granulocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Basophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Dendritic cells? |
|
Definition
| phagocytosis and initiation of adaptive immune response |
|
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Term
| What are some examples of nonspecific host defenses against pathogens? |
|
Definition
-inflammation
-neutrophilic granulocytes
-intact skin |
|
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Term
| What are some examples of specific host defenses against pathogens? |
|
Definition
-Plasma cells
-Antibodies
-T cells
-B cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the steps in Phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
1) Chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte
2) Ingestion of microbe by phagocyte
3) Formation of phagosome
4) Fusion of the phagosons with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome
5) Digestion of ingested microbe by enzymes
6) Formation of residual body containing indigestible material
7) Discharge of waste materials
**Know these steps the prof said this will be on the exam** |
|
|
Term
| what are the main steps of Inflammation? |
|
Definition
1) Damaged tissues release chemical messengers
2) Vasodilation & increased permeability of blood vessels
3)Phagocyte migration and phagocytosis(triggered by chemotaxis which results in diapedesis)
4)Tissue Repair |
|
|
Term
| What are the steps in Phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
1)Chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte
2)Ingestion of microbe by phagocyte
3)formation of phagosome
4)fusion of the phagosons with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome
5)digestion of ingested microbe by enzymes
6)formation of residual body containing indigestible material
7) discharge of waste materials
**Know these steps the prof said this will be on the exam** |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs of Inflammation? |
|
Definition
-redness
-pain
-heat
-swelling |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of Inflammation? |
|
Definition
-to destroy and remove injurious agent
-limit the effects by containing it
-repair or replace the damaged tissues |
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|
Term
| What is the difference in the end result between stroma regeneration and parenchymal regeneration? |
|
Definition
strom --> scarring
Parenchyma --> restoration to original cells |
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Term
|
Definition
-antiviral proteins produced only by animal cells to interfere with viral replication
-NOT VIRUS SPECIFIC
-they are released by virus-infected cells
-signal neighboring cells to block the replication of the virus |
|
|
Term
| What is the Ciliary esclators purpose? |
|
Definition
| -removes microbes and other particles from the respiratory tract |
|
|
Term
| What are the steps of Fever? |
|
Definition
1) interleukin-1 triggers the hypothalamus to release prostaglandins
2)resets the thermostat upwards
3)blood vessel constriction adn shivering rais the temp |
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|
Term
| What are the outcomes of the complement system? |
|
Definition
1) Inflammation
2) Cytolysis
3) Opsonoization |
|
|
Term
| Define Antigen and Antibody |
|
Definition
Antigen(Ag)- substance that provokes a specific immune response
Antibody(Ab)- protein made in response to an antigen which can recognize and bind to that antigen; they are produced by plasma cells. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a specific region on an antigen that interacts with the antibody |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Lymphatic System |
|
Definition
-carries interstitial fluid back to crirculatory system
-Lymphatic caps lies in close proximity to aterial/venous caps
-it brings microbial antigens into contact with immunologically active cells
-The lymph nodes are located at the lymphatic vessel junction |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| They are small molecules that are unable to trigger the antibody formation on their own so they bind with a carrier molecule in order to be recognized |
|
|
Term
| What results from antigen-antibody binding? |
|
Definition
-Opsonization of bacterial cells
-activation of complement
-neutralization of viruses and toxins
-Rh hemolytic disease |
|
|
Term
| What immunogloculin is able to cross the placenta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What immunoglobulin is the most predominate on mucous membrane surfaces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What immunoglobulin is the most predominate in serum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What immunoglobulin is the involved in allergic reactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the steps following an antibody response to a T-dependent antigen? |
|
Definition
1) B cells differentiate into a plasma cell, secretes antibodies
2) Ag-presenting cell displays Ag fragmens next to self (MHC) molecule on surface
3) Helper T cells specific for the Ag bind to the MHC-Ag complex
4) Helper T cells activates appropriate B Cells
5) Ag-presenting cell phagosytizes Ag-carying microbe |
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|
Term
| After a B-lymphocyte is exposed to the antigen what happens? |
|
Definition
-Gives rise to a clone of memory cells
-Proliferates
-gives rise to clone plasma cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the steps in the destruction of a virus-infected body cell? |
|
Definition
1) infected cell displays virus-directed antigens on its surface
2) Cytotoxic T cells bind to infected cell
3) Cytotoxic T cells releas perforin
4) Perforin damages infected cell's membrane
5) Infected cell lyses |
|
|
Term
| What forms when equal concentrations of soluble antigen and antibody are put in a test tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| suspension of microorganisms or fractions of microorganisms used to induce immunity |
|
|
Term
| What are Attenuated whole-agent vaccines? |
|
Definition
| A vaccine that uses Living but weakened microbes |
|
|
Term
| What is an Inactivated whole-agent vaccine? |
|
Definition
| A vaccine that uses microbes that are dead |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inactivated toxin which induces immunity against microbial toxin |
|
|
Term
| What is a Subunit Vaccine? |
|
Definition
| antigenic fragments of a microbe that stimulate an immune response |
|
|
Term
| Define Conjugated vaccine |
|
Definition
| a combination of Ag's to enhance immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a substance that enhances the effectiveness of antigens |
|
|
Term
| what is a Nucleic acid Vaccine? |
|
Definition
-naked microbial DNA injected, transcribed and translated into protein by animals
-immune response directed toward protiens |
|
|
Term
| What is a Titer? How do you find a titer from a two-fold serial dilution? |
|
Definition
-it is the reciprocal of the highest dilution giving a positive result
-to find the titer look for the lowest dilution there with a positive result |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-4-fold or greater increase in titer between acute and convalescent phase
-so in a serial dilution serologic test done two weeks after an initial test and you see an increase in the titer means that an active antibody response then the infection is occurring |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between an indirect test and a direct test? |
|
Definition
*direct - testing for antigens
*indirect - testing for antibodies |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Ab tagged with enzyme
-binding of Ab to Ag is detected when substrate is added and enzyme produces colored product. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Immunoflourescence test |
|
Definition
-Antibody is tagged with flourescent dye
-dye reacts with the complement Antigen and can be seen with UV light microscope |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Killing bacteria directly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| preventing bacterial growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-substance produced by microorganism that inhibits another microorganism
-microorganisms can develop resistances to them
-overuse of them can eradicate normal microbiotia
-each antibiotic has a specific target in the prokaryotic cell |
|
|
Term
| What antibiotics inhibit bacterial protein synthesis? |
|
Definition
-chloramphenicol
-erythromycin
-tetracyclines
-streptomycin |
|
|
Term
| What antibiotics injure the Plasma membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What antibiotics inhibit cell wall synthesis? |
|
Definition
-Penicillins
-Cephalosporins
-bacitracin
-vancomycin |
|
|
Term
| What antibiotics inhibit nucleic acid synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between Sultamethoxazole and trimethoprim? |
|
Definition
-Competitive inhibition in bacterial synthesis reaction
-Prevents PABA from being synthesized into dihyrofolic acid |
|
|
Term
| What does Penicillinase do? |
|
Definition
Some bacteria produce penicillinase, (β-lactamase)it is an enzyme that
cleaves the β-lactam ring of penicillin |
|
|
Term
| What antibiotics inhibit synthesis of essential metabolites? |
|
Definition
-Sulfanilamide
-Trimethoprim |
|
|
Term
| What do sulfonamides (Sulfa drugs) do? |
|
Definition
They inhibit folic acid synthesis by competitively inhibiting PABA from binding to the enzyme.
-inhibit synthesis of essential metabolites |
|
|
Term
| What are the ways antibiotic resistance can arise? |
|
Definition
(1)Destruction or inactivation of the drug
(2)Preventing penetration to the target site within the microbe
(3)Alteration of the drug’s target sites
(4)Rapid ejection (pumping) of the drug out of the cell |
|
|
Term
How do antiviral drugs work?
AND
Give an example of one! |
|
Definition
-Examples Acyclovir, ganciclovir & zidovudine
-antiviral drugs look like nucleosides, and in a virally infected cell the drug creates a "false nucleotide" which results in blocking DNA synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Macrophages are involved in what processes? |
|
Definition
- Pyrogensis
- Presentation of microbial antigens to lymphocytes
- Phagosytosis and destruction of bacteria
-Inflammation |
|
|
Term
| Where is Staphylococcal epidermisis generally found in abundance? |
|
Definition
| -makes up 90% of normal skin microbiota |
|
|
Term
| What infections of the skin are caused by Staphylococcus aureus? |
|
Definition
1) Folliculitis
2) Stys
3) Carbuncle
3) Furuncle
4) Toxic shock syndrome
5) Scalded skin syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What infections of the skin are caused by Staphylococcus pyogenes? |
|
Definition
1) Erysipelas
2) Impetigo
3) Cellulitis
4) Necrotizing Fasciitis |
|
|
Term
| What infections of the skin are caused by Staphylococcus aeruginosa? |
|
Definition
1) Otitis externa
2) Respiratory infections (esp in CF patients)
3) Dermatitis/folliculitis (hot tubs)
4) BUrn infections |
|
|
Term
| What are the steps in cystic acne development? What bacteria is involved? |
|
Definition
1) Sebum channel blocked
2) Blackhead forms
3) P. Acnes grows on sebum
4) Forms free fatty acids that cause innflammation
5) Neutrophils attractes, secrete enzymes that damage hair follice wall
6) Pustules
7) Damage to dermis
8) Scars |
|
|
Term
| What infections occur in the upper respirator tract leading to viremia and then skin rash? |
|
Definition
- Chickenpox
- Rubella
- Smallpox
- Measles |
|
|
Term
| Explain the chickenpox/shingles latent mechanism |
|
Definition
- Chickenpox infects child at young age
- Virus moves up peripheral nerve to the dorsal root ganglion where only the *DNA* stays
-Later in life the viral DNA gets activated and moves down the peripheral nerve resulting in shingles
Fun Fact: Herpes simplex 1 & 2 DNA also remains latent in peripheral nerves until activated |
|
|
Term
| What does Leukocidins do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do hyaluronidases do?? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does collagenase do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does lecithinase do? |
|
Definition
| -destroys plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| What is the complement system? |
|
Definition
- serum protiens that participate in lysis of foreign cells, inflammation and phagosytosis
-activated by either (1) antigen-antibody reaction or (2) microbial cell walls
-complement coating microbes enhances their phagocytosis by leukocytes (opsonization)
- complement activation can trigger/promote inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-antiviral proteins produced by animal cells to interfere with viral multiplication
-not virus specific
-are host cell specific |
|
|
Term
| What are the results of antigen-antibody bonding? |
|
Definition
-opsonization of bacterial cells
-neutralization of viruses and toxins
-activation of complement system
-Rh hemolytic disease |
|
|
Term
| Describe antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity! |
|
Definition
- eosinophils and macrophages involved in producing substances that damage invaders
-kills large target organisms like protozans (works , parasites usw |
|
|
Term
| What is a conjugated vaccine? |
|
Definition
| - a combination of antigens to enhance immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - a substance that enhances the effectiveness of antigens |
|
|
Term
| What are the four ways resistance to antibiotics can occur? |
|
Definition
1) destruction/inactivation of the drug
2)preventing penetration to the target site within the microbe
3)alteration of the drugs target sites
4) rapid ejecion of the drug out of the cell |
|
|
Term
What are enzyme inhibitors? how do they work?
give me an exampleee! |
|
Definition
-inhibit enzymes that control the maturation of viral particles (ie blocks cutting up of large protiens into fragments by proteases)
ex: indinavir |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytokines that signal cells adjacent to virus-infected cells to produce molecules which block virus replication |
|
|
Term
| What are the tow major types of phagocytic leukocytes? |
|
Definition
-neutrophilic granulocytes
-monocytes (macrophages) |
|
|
Term
| Septic shock from gram negative bacter occurs because... |
|
Definition
| gram negative bacter is ingested my phagocytes, their endotoxins are released form their cells walls triggering the production of TNF that damages capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -8 leggeded arachnids that lay eggs i the skin can cause inflammatory lesions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-candida infecgtion of the mucous membrances especially oral and vaginal cavitys
-oral = flush |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -fungal infection of the body |
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