Term
| What is Breeder's equation? |
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Definition
| R = h^2 * S , where R is the response to selection [difference in the mean of the offspring and the mean of the population], h^2 is heritability, and S is the selection differential [difference in the mean of the breeders and the mean of the population]. |
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Term
| Why do we use Breeder's equation? |
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Definition
| It helps us quantify natural selection in the field. |
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Term
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Definition
| Localized group of interbreeding individuals belonging to the same species. |
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Term
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Definition
| Total aggregate of genes in a population |
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Term
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Definition
| Genotype frequencies AND allele frequencies |
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Term
| What are the allele frequency equations for A1 and A2? |
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Definition
A1 = (2N[A1A1]+N[A1A2])/(2N)
A2 = (2N[A2A2]+N[A1A2])/(2N) |
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Term
| Given n alleles, how do you calculate the number of genotypes in a population? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of the Hardy-Weinberg principle? |
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Definition
| It describes why dominant alleles don't overtake populations by showing how Mendelian genetics preserves variation. |
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Term
| What are three general assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg principle? |
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Definition
1. Occurs in diploid, sexually reproducing organisms.
2. Allele frequencies are equal for males and females.
3. Generations do not overlap. |
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Term
| What are the five major criteria in the Hardy-Weinberg principle? |
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Definition
1. Random mating
2. Infinite population size (no genetic drift)
3. No mutations
4. No gene flow (migration)
5. No natural selection |
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Term
| If p = frequency of allele 1 and q = frequency of allele 2, what conclusions does the Hardy-Weinberg principle make? |
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Definition
p + q = 1
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 |
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Term
| What effect does nonrandom mating have on allele and genotype frequencies? |
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Definition
| There is NO effect on allele frequencies, but there MAY BE change in genotype frequencies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Self-fertilization, inbreeding |
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Term
| What are the consequences of assortative mating? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Migration of individuals between populations that results in changes in allele frequencies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Random changes in allele frequencies from one generation to the next. |
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Term
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Definition
| Example of genetic drift; when few individuals survive new environmental conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Example of genetic drift; the reduction of variation when a small population colonizes a new region. |
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Term
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Definition
| When individuals preferentially mate with other individuals of the opposite sex; primarily about successful reproduction, not necessarily about successful survival. |
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Term
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Definition
| Improves bearers ability to compete for access to mates |
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Term
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Definition
| Makes bearers more attractive to members of the opposite sex |
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Term
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Definition
| Situation where there's a loss of heterozygosity due to inbreeding (assortative mating). When inbreeding affects evolution via natural selection. |
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Term
| What are the three types of mutations? |
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Definition
1. Point mutations
2. Deletions
3. Chromosomal rearrangements |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups of locally isolated populations that are distributed across a landscape but connected via dispersal or migration. |
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Term
| What is the allelic result of gene flow? |
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Definition
| Populations are homogenized |
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Term
| Founder effects are the result of _____ _____ _____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Differential contribution of offspring to the next generation by certain genotypes. Results in adaptation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals with trait values at one extreme of a distribution are favored. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals with trait values at both extremes of a distribution are favored. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals with trait values in the middle of a distribution are favored. |
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Term
| Which microevolutionary factors tend to remove variation in a population? |
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Definition
| Natural selection, genetic drift. |
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Term
| Which microevolutionary factors tend to add genetic variation in a population? |
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Definition
| Mutations, but only weakly |
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