Term
|
Definition
*the study of populations in relation to their environment
*including biotic & abiotic influences on density, distribution, size, & age structure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area
*rely on same resouces
*influenced by similar environmental factors
*Interact/Breed w/ each other
*POPULATIONS EVOLVE; NOT INDV. |
|
|
Term
| 3 Fundamental Characteristics of Pop. |
|
Definition
1.density
2.dispersion
3.demographics
*EVERY POP. HAS A SPECEIFIC SIZE & SPECIFIC GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| # of indv. per unit area or volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pattern of spacing amoung indv. w/in boundaries of pop. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emigration & death (mortality) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*indv. aggregat in patches
*influenced by resource availabilty & behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*indv. are evenly spaced
*e.g. plants secrete chemicals
*result of TERRITORIALITY |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*position of each indv. is independant of other indvs.
*absence of strong attraction/repulsion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
study of vival statistics of a population & how they change over time
*specifically the birth rate/death rate of females |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*group of indvs. of the same age; followed from birth to death
*used to construct life tables & survivorshp curves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*graphic way of representing a life table
*proportion of indvs. in a cochort of 1,000 indvs. still alive @ each age |
|
|
Term
| Type I Survivorship Curve |
|
Definition
*starts flat (young survive)
*drops steeply & old age (deaths)
* large mammals; including humans |
|
|
Term
| Type II Survivorship Curve |
|
Definition
*intermediate
*w/ constant mortality over life span
*rodent/invertebrates/annual plants |
|
|
Term
| Type III Survivorship Curve |
|
Definition
*curve drops sharply at start (high death rate of young)
*flattens out as death rates decline when reached a critical age
*fishes/longlived plants/oysters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| *invertebrates (crabs) are vunerable when MOLTING! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*age-specific summary of the reproductive rates in a pop.
*constructed by measuring the reproductive outputs of cohorts from birth until death
*proportion of females that are breeding & female offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| frequency of reproduction, number of offspring produced, investment in parental care |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*when reproductionn begins
*how often
*how many offspring are produced during each episode
*very diverse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
big band reproduction
reproduce once, then die
*e.g. migratory salmon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Annual per capita birth rate |
|
Definition
| # of offspring produced per unit time by an average member of the population |
|
|
Term
| Per capita rate of increase |
|
Definition
*r
*per capita birth rate - per capita death rate |
|
|
Term
| Zero Population Growth (ZPG) |
|
Definition
per capita rate of increase = 0
or
r=0 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*K
*max. pop. size the evironment can support |
|
|
Term
| Instrinsic Rate of increase |
|
Definition
| *max. growth rate for the populations (rmax) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| *per capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is reaced |
|
|
Term
| Why does pop. growth rate slow as N apporaches K? |
|
Definition
*fewer resources
*population growth slows as birth rate decreases & death rate increases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*S shaped
*Logisitc model of population
*e.g. paramecia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*density-dependant selection
*life history traits that are sensitive to population density
*mammals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*density independant slection
*life shitory traits that maximize reproduction
*insects/shell fish |
|
|
Term
| Many factors that regulate population growth are... |
|
Definition
density dependent
(k-selection) |
|
|
Term
| Density independant pops. |
|
Definition
| birth rate & death rate do not chance w/ pop. density |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| birth rates fall and death rates rise w/ pop. density |
|
|
Term
Density Dependant Variables
IMPORTANT!!!!!T<3 |
|
Definition
*competition for resouces
*territoriality
*disease
*predation
*toxic wastes
*intrinsic factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
physiological factors
e.g. overcrowding causes mice stress that leads to hormonal changes (delay sexual maturation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focuses on the complex interactions b/w biotic & abiotic factors that cause variation in pop. size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*grpus of pops. linked by immigration & emigration
*occupy discrete patches of suitable habitat within a sea of unsuitable habitat
*e.g. glanville butterfly (finland) |
|
|
Term
Human pop. grew slowly until when?
How many ppl were there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
global pop. 2day?
how much does it increase per year?
per day? |
|
Definition
*6.6 billion people
*increases by 75 million each year
*200,000 each day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| b/w 7.8 to 10.8 billion people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*relative number of individulas of each age
*illustrated as a pyramid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| # of infant deaths per 1,000 live births |
|
|
Term
| Average estimate of carrying cpacity of humans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ecological Footprint Concept |
|
Definition
| summarizes the aggregate land and water area needed to sustain the people of a nation |
|
|
Term
Benchmark for comparing actual ecological footprints?
Ecological footprint for american? |
|
Definition
*1.7 hectors per person (benchmark)
*10 hectors per person (america) |
|
|
Term
| Our Carrying Capacity is potentially limited by... |
|
Definition
*food
*space
*nonrenewable resources
*buildup of wastes |
|
|
