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By the end of the 16th century, about 7% of the French population were Calvinist - or, Huguenots. This 7% came from all social classes of France. The 40-50% of the nobility that had converted from Catholocism were seen as a great threat to the monarchy.
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In the 1530's, the city of Munster in Westphalia, Germany, had become a haven for radical protestants - Anabaptists from the surrounding areas flosked to the city. Believing the end of the world was near, the Anabaptists took control of the city and dubbed it the New Jerusalem. It was short-lived.
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| Massachusetts (17th century) |
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Evidence that North American colonies were growing and beginning to flourish in the 1600's, Britain's Massachusetts colony had increased its population by ten times; in 1660 it had 40,000 settlers.
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Jews were a large and unwelcome religious minority in Europe. Ashkenazic Jews, living in Eastern Europe, were greatly persecuted, their movements and rights restricted. The Sephardic Jews, though, who had been expelled from Spain in the 1400's, lived in many Western European cities, many earning lucrative livings, despite their pervasive unpopularity.
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| European populations (18th century) |
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Europe's population starts a steady upward climb in the mid 1750's. From 1700 to 1750, Europe grows from 120 million to 140 million people; by 1790, the population is 190 million. A declining death rate, perhaps from better transportation and a decrease in famine, is one possible cause of this increase.
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Poverty was rampant thoughout Europe, many turning to charity, begging, or prostition: In Bologna, Italy, 1 in 4 citizens was a beggar, and in Britain and France, an estimated 10% depended on begging to survive. An increase in poor and a declining overall charitable attitude led to noticable problems.
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| 19th century growth of cities in Britain |
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The industrial revolution created new and bigger urban areas all throughout Britain. London alone swelled from about 1 million in 1800 to over 2.3 million in 1850. More than 50% of Britain's population lived in cities by 1850.
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| Increase in land ownership (Peasants 18th) |
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The cottage system of production put merchants in the countryside to provide raw materials to the small-scale textile factories operated by the peasants. This led to the breakdown of the manorial system, thus allowing peasants to own land or invest in the cottage system.
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| Reign of Terror (18th Century) |
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The Reign of Terror, headed by Robespeirre, decimated between 25,000 to 50,000 of the French population within almost one year, and imprisoned 200,000 to 400,000. This was a significant number dead by their own leader, and a significant number of people not providing for their families and nation.
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| Increased Middle Class (from 17th Century on) |
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By breaking up the original manorial system, the position of a merchant was necessary for the cottage system to exist, and then with industrialization and expansion of the Empires, the middle class was called upon. The increased wages and demand allowed for the class to expand and eventually break into the British Parliament, as well as the French (the bourgeoisie).
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| Britain Religion... to Protestant to Catholic to Protestant (16th Century) |
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Led to the persecution and movement of Catholics out of Britain or they practiced underground. The movement back to Catholicism (Bloody Mary) resulted in violent persecution and killing of Protestants, the movement back to Protestantism the final time (Liz I) was more peaceful and she permitted underground Catholicism without persecution. This whole event led to religious turmoil and movement out of England (Catholic to France) but also the bloodshed of Protestants.
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| Creation of a lower middle class (19th Century) |
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| The second IR created a lower middle class of shopkeepers and clerks (etc.) They were needed to sell the new products created by the industries and urbanization. They were precariously situated above the impoverished lower class, and could easily slip back down in the event of a job loss. |
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| Less workers (18th Century) |
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The demand for workers post-Industrial Revolution decreased because of the efficiency of the machinery, it also led to the movement into the cities for work because there were less jobs creating poverty and a downward spiral; Guilds dissolved, as did the cottage system, because neither could keep up with the bristling technological advances.
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| European Expansion (18th Century) |
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European nations and their people expanded into areas such as Asia and India. This lead to increased European populations throughout the world.
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