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Popenoe--Chapter 3
terms and concepts
19
Sociology
Not Applicable
02/10/2005

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Term
Culture
Definition
shared products of a human group or society.
Term
non-material culture
Definition
abstract and intangible human creations such as definitions of right and wrong and enviroment and way of doing things.
Term
material culture
Definition
a body of phusical objects that reflect nonmaterial cultural meanings.
Term
instincts
Definition
fixed, biologically inherited complez behavior patterns; instead of culture
Term
symbol
Definition
anything that a group of people have agreed upon as a way of meaningfully representing something other than itself.
Term
language
Definition
human speech in both its spoken and written forms. most important set of symbols
Term
value
Definition
an idea shared by the people in a society about what is good and bad, right and wrong, desirble and undesirble.
Term
norms
Definition
expectations of how people are supposed to act, think, or feel in specific situations (formal or informal).
Term
folkways
Definition
(social customs). Norms against behavior that have little strength and within broad limits may be broken.
Term
mores
Definition
Norms that are almost sacred and violations them will result in serious consequences
Term
laws
Definition
formal norms, usually mores, that have been enacted by the state to regulate human conduct
Term
sanctions
Definition
a process known as social control and that can be positive or negative.
Term
ideology
Definition
a set of cultural beliefs that legitimates or justifies the interests of a class, group, in its struggle with other groups for prestige and dominance
Term
cultural universals
Definition
cultures share many basic social structures and cultural meanings
Term
ethnocentrism
Definition
tendency to evaluate other cultures in terms of ones own and automatically evaluate one's culture as superior
Term
cultural relativity
Definition
one cant truly understand or evaluate cutural triats except in terms of the larger cultural and social system of which they are a part.
Term
subculture
Definition
group of people living with in a society that has a style of living not found in other groups... ex: surfing community
Term
counterculture
Definition
a subculture that directly challenges the values, beliefs, ideals, institutions, or other central aspects of the dominant cultures.
Term
cultural integration
Definition
cultural traits are logically consistent with one another.
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