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| the idea that the Purpose of government is the protection of individual liberty (founded on ideas of "liberty and equality") |
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solitary, poor, nasty, brutish
-fear of violent death
-equality meant equally suspectiple to death |
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-agrees with Hobbes regarding equality
-everyone if equal
-everyone has rights if they use reason |
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-because we fear death, the commonwealth must be concerned with our safety
-must maintain the rights that we have in the state of nature
-consent of the people is the only legitimate basis for government
-liberalism means "limited government" (protects our "life and rights")
-we give consent and cannot question the government - they must be able to do whatever is necessary to preserve our life and liberty
-ANY GOVERNMENT IS BETTER THAN NO GOVERNMENT
-tries to avoid conflict with commonwealth |
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-Separation of Powers: each power has check on another
-Right of Revolution:government is established to protect rights, if they fail people have the RIGHT to rebel |
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Hobbes
Right of Revolution |
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Locke
Right of Revolution |
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| Aristotle's taxonomy of regimes |
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Definition
-ONE-monarchy-Tyranny
-FEW-Aristocracy-Oligarchy
-MANY-Polity-Democracy |
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-claim divine right
-rule by force |
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| -Select group of wealthy rule |
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| -group of people recognized as the Government |
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1)Protect citizens from unlawful activity
2)Regulates social and economical relationships
3)Provide Services
4)Defend country from foreign invasion |
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-citizens participate directly in all decisions
-town hall meetings, PTA, unions, etc.
*advantage:people are more involved
*disadvantage:impractical in large democracy |
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-ALSO CALLED REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
-citizens elect other citizens to act on their behalf in government
*advantage:most citizens free from governing
*disadvantage:how to control our representative |
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| -every years; Senate & House of Representatives |
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| governor and state legislatures |
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| determines party candidates to run in general election |
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| an initiative or referendum that provides basis for political action |
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| proposed law or state constitutional amendment placed on ballot due to citizen petition |
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| a law or state constitutional amendment that is proposed by a legislature but goes into effect only if approved by a specified majority of voters |
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| sacrifice long term benefit for short-term advantage |
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| Participation of U.S. elections |
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Definition
many people do not vote
62%-2008 Pres. Election
37%-2006 Cong. Election
10%-Local elections |
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| collection of beliefs and values about the justification and operation of a country's government |
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group of people within a community with different religious beliefs and living together peacefully
ethnic, cultural, and religious groups should be allowed to maintain their identity with society and not be discriminated against |
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concerns that while new cultures move in, they will begin to compete with others that are already established
-seen as cheap leabor |
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-abandoned national quotas
-increased Asian immigration |
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| Proposition 187 in California |
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Definition
-prohibits health care, social services, and education to illegal immigrants
-passed by referendum in 1994
-declared unconstitutional in 1997 |
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Definition
-most liberal of liberal democracies
-more likely to support individual responsibility
-suspicion of Government |
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-tension has risen
-most Americans support work ethic=(you get what you deserve)
-strong support for equality of opportunity, but not for equality of outcome |
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morals
(custom, beliefs, attitudes) |
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-democracies require citizen involvement
-must choose the best candidate, hold them accountable, and utilize representation
-teaches citizens about the system of government
**foresaw problem- TOO MUCH POWER IN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT WOULD REDUCE LOCAL INVOLVEMENT
-"individualism" means not participate in government |
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-Religion is key for success of American Democracy
-based on first Americans->they were puritans
-agrees with separation of church and state |
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difference between
"liberty" and "license" |
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| liberty means exercising your freedom responsibly; not fringing on others |
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Tocqueville's
"Tyranny of the Majority" |
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Definition
-a majority could tyrannize a minority in a democracy
-easier to follow and get along than to lead |
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-most important quality of American political culture
-led people to develop themselves |
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| Constitutional Convention |
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Definition
| -Philadelphia from May 1787-Sept 1787 |
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-Creates a two-chamber Congress
-president chosen by Congress
-Supreme Court handles disputed between states |
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-Response to the Virginia Plan from the smaller states
-needs of smaller states
-one-chamber Congress
-single vote for each state |
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-known as "Great Compromise"
-House is proportionate to population
-Senate has equal rep between all states |
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Separation of Powers
Congress |
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Definition
-Representatives in House chosen every 2 years
-Senators chosen every 6 years by state legislature |
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Term
Separation of Powers
President (executive) |
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Definition
-limits especially on relationship to Congress
-Foreign policy is limited-Senate needs to ratify treaties with 2/3 vote, called a supermajority)
-President can be impeached by Congress |
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Separation of Powers
The Electoral College |
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Definition
-Electors appointed by each state
-requires an absolute majority(270 vts)
-equal to the total voting of both Houses of Congress totaling 538 |
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Separation of Powers
Supreme Court |
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Definition
-Nomination by the President for lifetime appointment
-highest court |
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| -85 articles written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay promoting the RATIFICATION of the Constitution |
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-drafted the Bill of Rights
-Father of the Constitution |
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| -the fundamental governmental authority |
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-Parliamentary supremacy allows for ultimate decision making
-NO single, written constitution in the UK
-Retains the power to amend or repeal any law, rather that the judicial system |
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-sovereignty is shared
-federal and state gov have elected officials, means of taxation, and independent authority to pass laws
-required the Constitution to be ratified |
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| -both state and federal government possess sovereignty over certain domains |
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| -Supreme Court can nullify laws based on the Constitution |
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-Supreme Court case
-Bank of U.S. in Maryland
-Maryland imposed TAX ON BANK
-Taxation is representation |
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| -the United States Congress shall have power "To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes |
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| Necessary and Proper Clause |
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Definition
-allows Congress to EXECUTE its enumerated powers
-known as "elastic clause" (expansive) |
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| -different levels of governments can work together on certain problems |
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Definition
federal governments provide fund but state and local gov carry out execution
-Categorical=regulation on how funds are spent
-Block=broad in nature and have little federal restriction |
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| often stipulations of a categorical grants-only receive the money IF certain policies and procedures are followed |
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| government spending for localized projects primarily to bring money to a representative's district |
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| giving an amount of Federal Tax Revenue to the states and their cities,counties, and townships |
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