Term
| Introduction (p 6-10)-What are the factors that positively affect support for democracy in the region? |
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Definition
| In five countries, age has a negative correlation for support. In the other 8, age has no relationship. Those more educated are more likely to support democracy. Rejection of violence also shows a positive, as does acceptance of deviant behavior. Trust in others shows a less significant relationship. Also political motivation is important except in republics of the soviet union. protest behavior is also significant. |
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Term
| What characteristics do the 13 countries studied here share in common? |
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Definition
| low political participation levels, grandparents and grandchildren have more ideological views in common than parents and children, democracy seen as only game in town. |
|
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Term
| Are Czechs primarily “democrats” or “autocrats?” |
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Definition
| They are primarily democrats, and most doubt does not necessarily come from autocrats, just those who have had bad experiences with democracy. |
|
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Term
| What institutions do Czechs have a. the most and b. the least confidence in? |
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Definition
| Least-parliament and political parties, most-UN, women's and ecological movements. possibly because they're less affected by day to day politics. |
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Term
| What are Slovenia’s three specific advantages over its neighbors? |
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Definition
| 1) homogenous ethnic composition and religious denomination, 2) high economic development, amenable industrial composition and close ties to the rest of the western european market 3) close to two western countries, italy and austria with completely open borders (no culture shock) |
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Term
| What factors determine how involved Slovenians are in politics? |
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Definition
| political interest, importance of politics and political discussion |
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Term
| Why were Hungarians the only East Europeans to evaluate Communism positively? |
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Definition
| Because of the special nature of the Goulash Communism under Secretary General Janos Kadar during the 1980s |
|
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Term
| What are the three most important influences on support for democracy in Hungary? |
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Definition
| tolerance, solidarity with the poor, rejection of violence |
|
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Term
| What factors make Hungarians more likely to engage in protests? |
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Definition
| age between 35-54 or young, middle class, living in towns and cities, or well-educated means more likely to protest |
|
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Term
| What were the reasons Slovakia followed a different path than its neighbors? |
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Definition
| Because in 1993 it had to build state institutions from scratch. also it had different economic development, ethnic homogenity, and proximity to the west. also it lacked the experience in governance and administration. Also its non-democratic traditions |
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Term
| 177-179 What were the reasons prime minister Meciar? was so popular |
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Definition
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Term
| 12. 188-190 Why is Slovakia a divided society? |
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Definition
| Because of the issues presented by a former communist regime deeply rooted in the minds of individuals and society. |
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Term
| 13. Pg 205 What are the four types of democratic communities in Poland? |
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Definition
| Libertarian-self, competition Liberal-state, competition, Republican-self, cooperation, Socialist-state, cooperation |
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Term
| 14. 211-215 What are the reasons Poles are anti-government? |
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Definition
| lower level of political interest, higher level of education, lower frequency of attending religious services, lower age. |
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Term
| 223-228 What are the reasons poles are protesting more over time ? |
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Definition
| age, interest in politics, trust in people, level of formal education, and gender. |
|
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Term
| 310 What are the three meanings of political culture in Romania? |
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Definition
| 1) a configuration arising out of salient patterns of public opinion with regard to politics. 2) Mentalities, more than attitudes towards politics but actual behaviors rooted in widespread norms about politics and society 3) metaphysical view political culture embedded within the general cultural tissue. |
|
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Term
| 316-317 What are the two reasons why there are so few democrats in Romania? |
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Definition
| 1) High number of communist party members. 2) Also low economic development. |
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Term
| 18. 326-330 What are the reasons Romanians distrust government? |
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Definition
| living in urban areas-bribery, mistreatment by administration, discrepancies in service based on status |
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Term
| 19. 336-337 Four features unique to Bulgaria’s transition? |
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Definition
| People in Bulgaria did not see socialism as a consequence of Soviet presence, 2) urbanization, industrialization, and modernization took place during the time of real socialism 3) never experienced a "Prague Spring" 4) Ethnic cleansing of Turks-no ethnic tension |
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Term
| 345-347 What are the influences on support for democracy in Bulgaria? |
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Definition
| age-young, education level-high |
|
|
Term
| How did declarations of independence in some East European countries lead to conflict? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 172-173 How did election laws in Poland help the former communists.? |
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Definition
| In 1993, they won 60.5 percent of the vote because of the law stating that a party had to win 5% of the vote or 7% as a coalition to sit in the Sejm. Because the right wing parties did not form a coalition, they could not take any seats even though together they had 34% of the vote. |
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Term
| 173-175 What were the different party blocs competing in Poland? |
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Definition
| Center-establishing liberal market economy, democratization, and the return to europe, against polish nationalism. does not support giving church power. (Democratic Union, Freedom Union, Citizen's platform). Left- (Social Democrats) draws former commies, supports end of state ownership and social welfare, joining EU and eurozone. The right: advocates against end to social welfare, anti-communism, support catholic values as core of public policy. skeptical of the EU |
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Term
| 176- why did Poland’s “alternative institutions” disappear during the transition? (from communism) |
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Definition
| Informal networks were no longer necessary once the economy was reformed, professional groups were tainted by their communist pasts and didn't work in a system with job competition, catholic church and solidarity lost popular support when they had to be For something rather than Against communism. Seen as corruption. |
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Term
| Ch 9 192-194 What are the key differences in Czech and Slovak societies? |
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Definition
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Term
| 219 What was Hungary’s New Economic Mechanism? |
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Definition
| Introduced in the 1960s, the NEM provided for profit to become a motive for state enterprises and for open wage differentiation. It no long dictated what was produced and how. Instead it set priorities and left decisions about production and pay to factory managers, which improved the standard of living and availability of goods. |
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Term
| 6. 201-205 Why are political parties relatively weak in both the Czech and Slovak republics? |
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Definition
| Partially because they are rarely influential enough to gain the percentages require to seat deputies in Parliament. Perhaps because of this they appear and disappear frequently. Also perhaps because of the requirement to be a Communist party member to do anything has burnt people out on party membership. Also a lot of the parties are similar, and change platforms a lot. Finally, they have much less influence in people's lives, more like American parties. |
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Term
| 8. 220-221 What was the political divide in Hungary from the 1930s that reappeared after the transition? |
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Definition
| the "people's nationalists" thought that the peasantry was the source of Hungarian spirit and wanted to find a third way between capitalism and communism. The 'urbanists' were liberal democrats who pushed human rights at home and EU and NATO membership. secular, not nationalist. |
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Term
| 9. 224- Why were Hungarian political parties considered elite groups? |
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Definition
| Because they were made up of intellectuals who all knew each other from school and stuff. They didn't even necessarily go along party lines. |
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Term
| 10. 255-256 Who controlled Bulgaria’s transition from Communism? |
|
Definition
| the Bulgarian Communist Party |
|
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Term
| 11. 258-260 How did Bulgaria’s communist party finally lose power in the mid 1990s? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 12. 268-271 What were the positive developments politically for Bulgaria’s Turkish minority? |
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Definition
| The forced assimilation act was repealed in 1989, allowing Turks to practice their religions, keep their names(1990), etc. and also buy back their property at the low prices they had sold it at. 1991 turkish can be taught in schools |
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Term
| 13. 319-320 How was Romania’s communism considered maverick? |
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Definition
| Although very communist, they rejected Soviet influence and Soviet politics. |
|
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Term
| 14. 323-324 What were Romania’s two primary political groups? |
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Definition
| The first side emphasized the importance of the government and depended on charisma rather than ideology. led by iliescu's front. On the other side was the supposed democratic opposition which was really more devoted to getting rid of the front than it was any ideology. |
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Term
| Why did Romania’s democratic political parties collapse in the 1990s. |
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Definition
| a systematically corrupt govt and structurally weak economy the fragmented coalition could not fix. once it became clear that they couldn't make good on their Contract divisions appeared. |
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Term
| 1. What were the events that took scholars of Eastern Europe by surprise? |
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Definition
a. 1940s communist coups
b. Yugoslav break from USSR in 1950s or China’s in 1960s
c. Uprisings in the 1950s and 1980s
d. Great events of 1989
e. Wars in Yugoslavia |
|
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Term
| 2. Reasons to study Eastern Europe? |
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Definition
a. It’s part of the EU
b. Ethnic background
c. Professional reasons-careers in int’l organizations or business in the private sector |
|
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Term
| 3. Five traits that make this region unique? |
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Definition
| a. Geography, empires, economy, absence/failure of democracy, political culture |
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Term
| 4. What were the consequences for Eastern Europe of its economic backwardness? |
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Definition
| critical—there was virtually no middle class: small elite, huge usually poor peasantry, tiny intellectual elite (usually Jewish..problem to come). also they mostly had mono-economies, not good |
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Term
| 5. What are the different elements of political culture in Eastern Europe? |
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Definition
Conservatism—with a small “c”. With a few notable exceptions this is considered to be an intensely conservative part of the world.
Nationalism: fostered by small elite: employed different with other countries and with minorities within countries. Outgrowth of “victim mentality” two forms:
Hostility to neighbors=Hungary vs. Romania, Yugoslavia peoples vs. each other.
Minority situation=Poland
Authorities—in a land where majority of people were in peasantry few individuals emerged as benevolent dictatorial types.
--these are strong people who could offer peace, security, etc.
) Elitism: In part due to social conditions we discussed earlier, philosophy developed that small ruling elite generally knew best for the country |
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Term
| 6. What were the particular aspects of the “Polish Experience?” |
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Definition
Religion: Roman Catholicism
“Elite democracy”—the Polish nobles and experiments of the 1700s.
Dismemberment and “victimization”
Flawed independence
WW2 and genocide
Communism with a “human face |
|
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Term
| 7. Impact of WWII on Poland’s politics? |
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Definition
Changed borders: from east to West
Changed population: less to more homogeneous (loss of Jews, other Slavs, Germans).
Nucleus of resistance to Communists.
Increased importance of Catholic Church
Member of Warsaw Pact
CP given some latitude
Intellectuals/universities were able to press envelope some
Politics defined by:
Party
Church
Solidarity |
|
|
Term
| 8. Why was Poland’s communism kinder and gentler? |
|
Definition
Wladyslaw Gomulka
1956-1970
--consumer economy
--back off Church
Edward Gierek
1970-1980
--standard of living
--pro-western
--legalized Solidarity 1980
Arrested, deposed 1981
Wojciech Jaruzelski
1981-1989
--martial law 1981-1983
--talks with Solidarity
--resigned peacefully |
|
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Term
| 9. What was the significance of the first 1989 election? |
|
Definition
Only partly Free --2/3 seats in Sejm Communist --1/3 “freely contested” --Senat seats “freely contested”
Solidarity won all Senat, and 1/3 Sejm seats
Election effectively ended Communist rule. |
|
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Term
| 10. What are the reasons for a strong presidency in Poland? |
|
Definition
1989-1990: Weak leadership --Tadeusz Mazowiecki
Lech Walesa
Mounting problems
History-Pilsudski |
|
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Term
| 11. What was the little constitution? |
|
Definition
1992
Limitations
Prime Minister must co-sign all legislation.
President can be impeached.
Parliament chooses the government.
Presidential power limited to foreign, military matters.
Official Roles
Dictate political direction of country.
Approve major political appointments.
Destroy and rebuild.
Democracy from above. |
|
|
Term
| 12. What are the dominant political party groups in Poland? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 13. What was the conservative agenda of the Kascinzki brothers? |
|
Definition
Populist economic policies
Conservative social policies
3. Assertive foreign policy |
|
|
Term
| 14. What were the key social issues concerning Poles? |
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Definition
| Homosexuality, abortion, anti semitism |
|
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Term
| 15. What were the key foreign policy issues concerning Poles? |
|
Definition
Russia --gas and energy
--competition
United States --Iraq
European Union --the “Polish plumber” --”Christian vision” --abortion --homosexuality |
|
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Term
| 16. What were the four aspects of the Hungarian experience? |
|
Definition
Lost glory --1001-1500s kingdom --1500s-1918 empire
Victimization mindset --failed uprisings --loss of territory, people
Authoritarianism
Barely legitimate Communism |
|
|
Term
| 17. What were Hungary’s three traumas between WW’s I and II? |
|
Definition
1918-19 Civil War
Reds v. Whites
1920 Treaty of Trianon
Boundaries after WWI drastically changed
1/3 of Hungarians left out of Hungary
72% terr. And 64% pop. lost
1920-1944 Regency
Right-wing leg. votes to reestablish monarchy, but put in Horthy as Regent. |
|
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Term
| 18. What were the consequences of the 1956 revolution? |
|
Definition
Engaged in “passive resistance” for rest of period
Experiment with non-Communist rule.
Birth of organized dissident movement.
Behavior of Communist Party afterwards.
Betrayal by the West.
The Communist Party contract. |
|
|
Term
| 19. What was goulash communism? |
|
Definition
Economic --New Economic Mechanism --Consumer spending
Political --limited dissent “within reason” --travel --partial amnesty 1956 |
|
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Term
| 20. What were the differences between Poland and Hungary’s transitions from communism? |
|
Definition
Poland
Hostility society vs. Communists
Opposition born of protest.
Church bolsters opposition.
United opposition (Solidarity)
Major institutional change.
Hungary
Consensual culture.
Opposition born of “splitters.”
No real societal roots for opposition.
Divided opposition.
Minor institutional change. |
|
|
Term
| 21. What were the three political camps in Hungary after communism? |
|
Definition
National-Christian --”moral and social reconstruction”
--increase birth-rate --role of Catholic Church
Bourgeoisie Center
--Free market capitalism --socially liberal
Reformed Left
--welfare-state --managed free-market |
|
|
Term
| 22. What characterizes Hungary’s Prime ministers and presidents. |
|
Definition
| The prime minsters were "technocrats" and the presidents were figureheads |
|
|
Term
| 23. What are the political consequences of Hungary’s weak central government? |
|
Definition
Gridlock
Policy convergence |
|
|
Term
| 24. What are the social problems facing Hungarians? |
|
Definition
Suicide Rate: highest in the world
Roma (Gypsy) community --10% population --Roma Action Program and backlash
Drug, Sex Trafficking --legalized prostitution --porn industry
Population Decline
Poverty |
|
|
Term
| 25. What are the key differences between the Czech and Slovak halves of Czechoslovakia? |
|
Definition
Slovak
Social
--conservative/populist
--Catholic
--Xenophobia
Economic
--farmer/peasant
Social
--liberal/intellectual
--secular
--tolerant
Economic
--entrepreneur
--bureaucrats |
|
|
Term
| 26. What were the consequences of the 1968 Prague Spring? |
|
Definition
Mounting Unrest, 1960s
Novotny purged 1968
Dubcek initiates Prague Spring --press freedoms --release of political prisoners --new parties --dismantling economy
August Warsaw Pact invasion --passive-resistance
Dubcek expelled 1969 |
|
|
Term
| 27. What was the nature of Czechoslovakia’s opposition to communism? |
|
Definition
Near total absence of resistance
Repressive Communist regime --active secret police --tight border controls --virtually no liberties
Stagnating economy --antiquated industries --worker malaise, depression
until 1989-velvet revolution |
|
|
Term
| 28. What were the reasons for the velvet divorce between the Czech and Slovak Republics? |
|
Definition
| Incompatible Personalities Incompatible Economies (czech small business slovaks soviet industry) Incompatible politics |
|
|
Term
| 29. How do political parties differ between the Czech and Slovak Republics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 30. What social problems do each Republic face? |
|
Definition
| unemployment, Roma, Germans |
|
|
Term
| 31. What are the shared characteristics of the Balkan countries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 31. What are the shared characteristics of the Balkan countries? |
|
Definition
Ancient Civilizations
Ottoman/Turkish Influence
Isolation from West
Post-Independence Violence and Nationalism
Royal Dictatorships |
|
|
Term
| 32. What was the nature of Communist leaders in the Balkans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 33. How did the nature of the transition from communism in the Balkans differ from that in the north? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 34. Why did Balkan communist parties survive the transition? |
|
Definition
Hiding under new names Albanian Socialist Party Bulgarian Socialist Party
Constituents
Resources
Power Vacuum Romania: National Salvation Front |
|
|
Term
| 35. Why are the Balkan countries considered Basketcases? |
|
Definition
Civil Society
Ethnic Cauldron
Personalized politics
Communist retention
Policy laggards --economic reform --social policy
Foreign relations --old enemies, new allies |
|
|
Term
| 36. What are the Balkan countries civil society and ethnic problems? |
|
Definition
Corruption --cronyism --organized crime
Human Trafficking --sex-slavery from ex-USSR --Roma minority
But, positive movement:
Youth
Non Government Organizations growing
\Transylvania problem --Hungarians --Education gap
Human Trafficking --Roma --Children in poverty
Corruption
Nationalism --Hungary --Moldova --Bulgaria --Roma minority
The miners’ violence: ‘Mineriad”
--intellectuals --minorities
II. Ethnic Cauldron: Albania |
|
|
Term
| 37. Why do communist parties continue to survive here? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 39. What were the 6 aspects of the Yugoslav Crises? |
|
Definition
Political-federal
Ethnic
Religious
Ideological
Class
Regional |
|
|
Term
| 40. What were the key differences between the Eastern and Western Yugoslavs? |
|
Definition
west-Catholic/Muslim
Latin alphabet
Industrial
Urban
Educated
Guard the frontier
east-Orthodox
Cyrillic
Agrarian
Rural
Uneducated
Rebels, militias |
|
|
Term
| 41. What were the roots of the Serb Croat conflict? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 42. What were the cultural stereotypes of the different ethnic groups in Yugoslavia? |
|
Definition
Slovenes: bargainers, negotiators
Croats: patriotic, anti-government
Bosnians: opportunistic
Serbs: warlike, pro-government
Montenegro: tribal, clannish
Macedonia: little sense of identity |
|
|
Term
| 43. What were the reasons the wars in Yugoslavia got worse over time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 44. What did the Vance Owen plan try to do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 45. What did the datan peace accords succeed in doing? |
|
Definition
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