Term
|
Definition
| People in groups who live by common rules of conduct (predictable regular patterns of behavior) and have a plausible claim to self-sufficiency. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Specific individuals and institutions that
make and enforce public decisions that are
binding on the community. |
|
|
Term
| What is the OED definition of Politics? |
|
Definition
The art and science of government;
Public life and affairs as involving and government. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Rand Dyck definition of Politics? |
|
Definition
Originates in conflict, often defined as the struggle for power and the management of conflict;
Activity in which conflicting interests struggle for advantage. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Michael Laver definition of Politics? |
|
Definition
| Any combination of conflict or cooperation. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Bertrand de Jouvenal definition of Politics? |
|
Definition
| Activity for gathering and maintaining support for human projects. |
|
|
Term
| What is the JDB Miller definition of Politics? |
|
Definition
| About disagreement and conflict. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Alan Ball definition of Politics? |
|
Definition
| Involves disagreements and their reconciliation, and can occur at any level. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Harold Lasswell definition of Politics? |
|
Definition
| Who gets what, when, and how. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Dickerson/Flanagan definition of Politics? |
|
Definition
A process of conflict resolution in which
support is mobilized and maintained for
collective projects (and makes
government possible). |
|
|
Term
| Why do we need Government? |
|
Definition
| Politics and Government are inevitable as long as humans are motivated by individual self-interest. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four approaches to Government and Politics? |
|
Definition
| Institutionalism, Behaviorism, Public Choice, and Political Economy. |
|
|
Term
| What is Institutionalism? |
|
Definition
Detailed systematic analysis of formal
structures;
Senate, Cabinet, Courts, interest groups,
political parties;
Usually highly descriptive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Focus on individual behavior (e.g. voting,
public opinion...how does an individual
behave);
Use surveys/stats a lot;
Tells lots about individual behavior but
not as the aggregate within institutions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Applies basic assumptions re human
behavior re rationality, individual utility for how to explain political phenomena;
Analyze institutions as aggregation of
individual behavior. |
|
|
Term
| What is Political Economy? |
|
Definition
Based in class struggle and that ruling
class uses tools of government to maintain
their position of dominance;
Explanations only found by linking political phenomena to underlying realities of class conflict. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three forms of power? |
|
Definition
| Influence, Coercion, and Authority. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Influence is the ability to persuade others
to do your will, to convince them to want
to do what you want them to do. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Coercion is the deliberate subjection of
one’s will to another through fear of harm
or threats of harm. When coercion is
applied, compliance is not voluntary but
results from fear of unpleasant
consequences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Authority is a form of power in which
people obey commands not because they
have been rationally or emotionally
persuaded or because they fear the
consequences of disobedience, but simply
because they respect the source of the
command. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between Authority and Legitimacy? |
|
Definition
When we emphasize the right to
command, we speak of authority; when
we emphasize the response to command,
we speak of legitimacy. |
|
|
Term
| What is Weber's three types of Authority? |
|
Definition
| Traditional, Legal, and Charismatic. |
|
|
Term
| What is Traditional Authority? |
|
Definition
Traditional authority is domination based
on inherited position. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Legal authority is general rules binding on all participants in the system. Authority is exercised only when it is called for by these rules. It is
not associated with individuals who inherit their status, but with legally created offices that can be filled by many different incumbents. |
|
|
Term
| What is Charismatic Authority? |
|
Definition
Charismatic authority is based on the
projection and perception of extraordinary
personal qualities. |
|
|
Term
| Define Sovereign/Sovereignty. |
|
Definition
Sovereign, derived from the Latin
super, meaning “above,” literally
denotes one who is superior.
Sovereignty is the authority to override all other authorities. |
|
|
Term
| Define Parliamentary Sovereignty. |
|
Definition
Parliament may make or repeal whatever laws it chooses; one Parliament cannot bind its successors in any way;
Parliamentary sovereignty is still the
main principle of the British
constitution. |
|
|
Term
| What is Popular Sovereignty? |
|
Definition
| The idea that laws should be made by the people meeting in direct democratic fashion, not by electing representatives to legislate for them (indirect democracy). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Judicial review is the power of the
courts to declare that actions taken
by other branches of government violate the Constitution. |
|
|
Term
| What are the Four Appeals? Give an example. |
|
Definition
Appeal to Intellect: Trying to sell a car by promoting the safety features.
Appeal to Passion: Trying to sell a cool looking car.
Appeal to Interest: “If you help me move, I’ll buy us Jack’s and Bud Light!”
Appeal to Group Solidarity: “Let’s do a good deed, like donating to a charity!” |
|
|
Term
| What's the difference between "the" state and "a" state? |
|
Definition
"The"-The term “state” is often used in
reference to the public agencies and
departments that manage the affairs
of government;
"A"-A sovereign, populated territorial entity that is recognized by the international community (a synonym for “country”). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Citizenship is membership in the state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Naturalization is the procedure in which an adult is granted citizenship. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anyone born within the boundaries of a state automatically becomes a citizen. This is the basic principle of citizenship law in the UK, France, Canada, and the US. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In much of Europe, only the children of citizens acquire citizenship by birth. |
|
|
Term
| According to the Canadian Act of 1977, what deems someone as a Canadian Citizen? |
|
Definition
A person born in Canada (jus soli);
A person born outside of Canada if at least one parent is a Canadian citizen (jus sanguinis). Such people lose their Canadian citizenship unless they apply for it in Canada for a year before they become 28;
An immigrant who, after living in Canada for three of the last four years, applies for citizenship, demonstrates a knowledge of French or English, and passes a simple test of knowledge about Canada (naturalization). Dependent children receive citizenship along with their parents. |
|
|
Term
| Whose laws apply when you have Dual Citizenship? |
|
Definition
| It is the country you are physically in at the time. However, there are some laws certain countries require you to always follow. For example, compulsory military service in the United States. |
|
|
Term
| How many countries recognize Dual Citizenship? |
|
Definition
| 90 countries recognize dual/multiple citizenship. However, some countries take away or ignore citizenship as soon as a person acquires another nationality. Marriages and divorces may not be recognized in other countries. Also, some countries allow dual citizenship until a certain age. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A nation is an identity shaped by a large number of people based upon, but not reducible to, objective factors such as common race, language, religions, customs and government. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A state with a single, predominant national identity. |
|
|
Term
| What are Ethic and Civic Nations? |
|
Definition
Ethic nations are those in which the national identity depends primarily on objective factors such as language, race, or religion;
Civic nations have an identity that depends primarily on acceptance of political order. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A biologically defined group; members share a gene pool, giving them common physical characteristics such as skin, eye and hair color. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A tribe has both biological and psychological dimensions. It is a group of people who are tied together by a myth of common ancestry and who think of themselves as blood relations. Usually share a common descent from some region of Europe, Asia, Africa, or Latin America. |
|
|
Term
| What is a Binational state? |
|
Definition
| Exists when two nations coexist within one state. |
|
|
Term
| What is a Multinational State? |
|
Definition
| Exists when three or more nations coexist under one sovereign government. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A set of fundamental rules and principles by which a state is organized. |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of a constitution? |
|
Definition
Establish powers & responsibilities of legislative, executive and judicial branches of government;
Allocate powers to different levels of government, such as federal, provincial and local,
Enumerate rights of citizens in relationship to each other and to government (Charter of Rights and
Freedoms and the Bill of Rights);
Stipulate procedure for amending the constitution. |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of constitutions? |
|
Definition
| Unwritten, Written, and Hybrid. |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of an unwritten constitution. |
|
Definition
Magna Carta, 1215;
Bill of Rights, 1689;
Act of Settlement, 1701;
Parliament Act, 1911. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A practice or custom that is consistently followed by those in government even though it is not legally binding. |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a written constitution? |
|
Definition
| The American Constitution, 1787. |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a hybrid constitution? |
|
Definition
Canadian Constitution, 1867;
Canadian Constitution Act, 1982;
Statute of Westminster, 1931. |
|
|
Term
| What is an Amending Formula? |
|
Definition
| An amending formula is a rule or rules in a constitution to change any part of the constitution. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main ways of changing the Canadian Constitution? |
|
Definition
| Unanimous Procedure, General Procedure, and Bilateral Procedure. |
|
|
Term
| What is the unanimous procedure? |
|
Definition
For certain fundamental matters, such as the existence of the monarchy and the composition of the Supreme Court, needs:
Agreement of all provincial legislative assemblies;
Senate and the House of Commons (federal government). |
|
|
Term
| What is the general procedure? |
|
Definition
For most items, such as how select Senators, new provinces, needs:
Agreement of at least 2/3 of the provinces, containing among themselves 50% of the population of the provinces;
Senate and the House of Commons (federal government). |
|
|
Term
| What is the bilateral procedure? |
|
Definition
For situations that affect only one province, such as when New Brunswick wanted to be declared bilingual, needs:
Approval from legislature of the province in question,
Senate and the House of Commons (federal government). |
|
|
Term
| What is Judicial Interpretation? |
|
Definition
Whatever happens to the formal amending
procedures, the most important mechanism of constitutional change in Canada now is judicial interpretation. |
|
|
Term
| What is Constitutionalism? |
|
Definition
Belief that government is not the controlling force of society but an instrument within society;
Belief that all actions, of individuals and governments, are subject to an institutionalized set of rules and regulations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The Rule of Law means that, to the greatest extent possible, people should not be subject to the unhindered
discretion of others, but that all—rulers and ruled alike—should obey known, predictable, and impartial rules of conduct. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ideology is not mere personal opinion, but a social belief accepted by large numbers of people and passed on by the normal channels of cultural transmission. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 principles of Liberalism? |
|
Definition
| Personal Freedom, Limited Government, Equality of Right, and Consent of Governed. |
|
|
Term
| Explain Personal Freedom. |
|
Definition
Free speech, freedom of religious
association, right of private property, right
of political opposition, rule of law. |
|
|
Term
| Explain Limited Government. |
|
Definition
State is instrument and serves a function to protect personal freedom;
State is not in charge of all society. |
|
|
Term
| Explain Equality of Right. |
|
Definition
All must abide to the same laws;
Laws enforced by state with impartiality. |
|
|
Term
| Explain Consent of Governed. |
|
Definition
Government comes from the people;
Is responsible to them;
May be changed by the people;
Moderate popular sovereignty. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two kinds of Liberalism? |
|
Definition
| Classical Liberalism and Reformed Liberalism. |
|
|
Term
| Explain Classical Liberalism. |
|
Definition
Dominant in the 19th century;
Accepted the four principles of Liberalism in a literal way. |
|
|
Term
| Explain Reformed Liberalism. |
|
Definition
Dominant in the 20th century;
Favors state to modify market system;
Advocates larger role for state in providing equality of opportunity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Justified position of aristocracy and church in old order of European society which resisted liberal ideology of progressive social change so, defended status quo. |
|
|
Term
| Burkean was an influential thinker for conservatism. What was his main idea? |
|
Definition
Society needs stable order and structure for
individuals to know their place in community. |
|
|
Term
| What is Conservatism's thoughts on change? |
|
Definition
| Generally, they are skeptical about the idea of change. They will not change unless it is necessary, and when they do change, they are very cautious about it. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Concept of Continuity? |
|
Definition
| Past, present, future with the state acting as the linking agent. |
|
|
Term
| What is the idea of Social Order? |
|
Definition
Social order bigger/more important than
individual;
Distrusts individual judgment;
Places more trust in collective wisdom of society as expressed through customs, usages, institutions. |
|
|
Term
| What are Russell Kirk's Six Common Characteristics of Conservatism? |
|
Definition
Belief in a transcendent order, or body of
natural law, which rules society, as well as, conscience;
Prefers many forms of human existence;
opposed to narrow uniformity, egalitarianism and utilitarian aims of most radical systems;
Conviction that civilized society requires
orders and classes as against the notion of a “classless society.”;
Freedom and property are closely linked:
separate property from private possession,
and Leviathan becomes master of all;
Distrust of “planners” (calculators,
economists) who would reconstruct society
upon abstract designs;
Change may be bad, not progress. |
|
|
Term
| Explain Canadian Conservatism. |
|
Definition
Less oriented to free enterprise and more
willing to resort to collectivist economic
schemes than American conservatism. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four common elements of Socialist Ideologies? |
|
Definition
| Planning, Common Ownership, Equality of Result, and Selflessness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Socialists reject profit-motivated market
economy; too impersonal, need to take control of economic affairs by deliberately planning them to maximize human happiness. |
|
|
Term
| Explain Common Ownership. |
|
Definition
Condemn the private ownership of
productive property such as land, factories, stores, and the means of transportation and communication;
Should be owned by all so benefits flow to
all, not a select few;
Generally accept private ownership of
consumer goods. |
|
|
Term
| Explain Equality of Result. |
|
Definition
State should intervene to reduce major
inequalities such as wealth, social position, political power…;
A planned economy and common ownership
are important means to achieving the end of equality of result. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A product of flawed social institutions;
Can produce a new “social person” more
concerned with collectivity;
Results from central planning, common
ownership, equality of result. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four variants of Socialist Thought? |
|
Definition
| Utopian Socialism, Scientific Socialism (Marxism), Communism (Marxism-Leninism), and Democratic Socialism. |
|
|
Term
| Explain Utopian Socialism. |
|
Definition
| Show world merits of socialism on a small scale. |
|
|
Term
| Explain Scientific Socialism. |
|
Definition
| According to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, the polarization of society under capitalism will ultimately lead to a working class (the proletariat) uprising against the owners of capital (the bourgeoisie) and the imposition of a dictatorship of the proletariat (a workers’ government). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Karl Marx (1818–83) and Friedrich Engels
(1820–95) transformed socialism into the
doctrine of a single class, the industrial working class, which they renamed the proletariat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels described the
owners of wealth and property (the means of
production) as the bourgeoisie. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In order to usher in a communist revolution in Russia in 1917, Vladimir Lenin combined Marxist thought with his own ideas about revolution;
Key among these ideas was the notion of
democratic centralism, the idea that the
political party leading the revolution had to be firmly controlled from the top because the leadership could not rely on the workers’ spontaneity. |
|
|
Term
| What are Social Democrats? |
|
Definition
Social democrats reject the revolutionary path of Marx and Lenin in order to compete for power by parliamentary means;
Support for a mixed economy (public and
private ownership). |
|
|
