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Political Science Final Exam Review
Review for the final exam
222
Political Studies
Undergraduate 1
12/02/2010

Additional Political Studies Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
_________________________refers to a particular view of how we ought to organize and live our collective lives.
Definition
Social order
Term
According to the text, why do some observers claim there is a crisis in American citizenship?
Definition
Civic virtue is taking second place to self-interest as a guiding principle of citizenship.
Term
________ can be described as a system or an organization for exercising authority over a body of people
Definition
Government
Term
What are the organizations where government power is exercised and where political struggle takes place?
Definition
Institutions
Term
Power is defined as ______________________.
Definition
the ability to get other people to do what you want.
Term
How do rules fit into the concept of "who gets what, and how?"
Definition
Rules can be thought of as the how.
Term
A system based on "government by the few" refers to ___________________.
Definition
an oligarchy.
Term
In socialist economies, what controls economic decisions?
Definition
The government
Term
In capitalist economies, what controls economic decisions?
Definition
The market
Term
Power that is recognized as legitimate is known as ________________
Definition
authority.
Term
There are currently around __________ illegal immigrants in the United States.
Definition
12 million
Term
Among those who argue against deporting everyone who has immigrated to the United States illegally are ___________________
Definition
businesspeople who enjoy the benefits of cheap labor.
Term
Today most foreign-born U.S. citizens come from countries that are part of___________________
Definition
Latin America and Asia.
Term
Citizens or subjects of other countries who come to the United States to live or work are known as ____________________.
Definition
immigrants
Term
Individuals allowed into the United States because they face or are threatened with persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, or membership in a particular social group, or because of their political opinions are known as ____________________.
Definition
refugees
Term
The legal process of acquiring citizenship for a person who was not born a U.S. citizen is known as __________________
Definition
naturalization
Term
federal agency that now oversees the naturalization process is the U.S. ____________________________.
Definition
Citizenship and Immigration Services.
Term
Individuals born in the United States are American citizens, even if their parents are not, following the principle of ____________________________
Definition
jus soli.
Term
Jus sanguinis is the legal principle that defines citizenship by the right by__________________
Definition
blood.
Term
Government assurances that the rules will work smoothly and treat everyone fairly, with no promise of particular outcomes, are called __________________________.
Definition
procedural guarantees.
Term
In Federalist No. 10, James Madison warned against the dangers of _________________.
Definition
factions
Term
What did James Madison mean when he stated that the founders needed to "discover a republican remedy for those diseases most incident to republican government"?
Definition
Government had to contain the will of the people even though it was based on the will of the people
Term
The principle that power to govern rests with the people is also known as _____________________
Definition
popular sovereignty.
Term
The biggest winners under the Articles of Confederation were _____________________.
Definition
small farmers and artisans
Term
The delegates to the Constitutional Convention were ___________________________.
Definition
the most educated, powerful, and wealthy citizens of the new country
Term
The Declaration of Independence was first and foremost a _______________________.
Definition
political document
Term
Ideas of political change and challenges to British ideology were largely a result of American acceptance of the political ideas of _____________________
Definition
John Locke
Term
The founders adopted a federal system _________________________________.
Definition
as a compromise between those who wanted a strong central government and those who wanted to retain strong state governments
Term
The delegates at the Constitutional Convention _________________________________.
Definition
met in secret to prevent opponents from organizing against their actions
Term
____________ were more pervasive than owning property or paying taxes as a qualification for voting in the early days of colonial government.
Definition
Religious or moral qualifications
Term
The main debate at the Constitutional Convention about the powers of the executive branch focused on whether _________________________________________________.
Definition
to have a single-member or multi-member executive
Term
Gibbons v. Ogden increased the power of the national government by interpreting the _______________________________________________.
Definition
commerce clause of the Constitution very broadly
Term
official set of rules for who gets what, when, and how in America is contained in the ___________________________.
Definition
Constitution
Term
The founders hoped that the Senate would be __________ the House of Representatives.
Definition
more stable than
Term
In the United States, __________________________________________.
Definition
legislative, executive, and judicial powers are handled by separate institutions
Term
All of the following comparisons between the president and senators are true EXCEPT ____________________________.
Definition
senators have always been chosen by direct election
Term
The __________ is often used by Congress to justify its exercise of powers not specifically mentioned in Article I, Section 8
Definition
necessary and proper clause
Term
In a parliamentary system, the executive __________________________________.
Definition
is chosen by the legislature
Term
Powers shared by the federal and state governments are _____________________.
Definition
known as concurrent powers
Term
In Federalist No. 51, James Madison predicted that no single branch of government would become too powerful and oppress citizens, because ____________________________.
Definition
the other two branches would curb the possibly oppressive advances of each branch
Term
The Supreme Court has ruled that __________________________________.
Definition
public figures have less protection from the press than other members of the public
Term
The founders' opposition to prior restraint showed their commitment to ________________________________.
Definition
freedom of the press
Term
The idea that language shapes behavior and, therefore, should be regulated to control its social effects is known as _________________________.
Definition
political correctness
Term
According to the textbook, conflicts of rights often come down to conflicts _____________.
Definition
of power
Term
The Lemon test established that ______________________________.
Definition
there shall be no excessive entanglement of government and religion.
Term
_____ is incorporation on a case-by-case basis.
Definition
Selective incorporation
Term
Bills of attainder are laws _________________________________.
Definition
under which specific persons or groups are detained and sentenced without trial
Term
The following statement is given at a political rally: "The U.S. government's policy toward the Middle East is responsible for the violence in the region." It is an example of what kind of speech?
Definition
Sedition
Term
According to the textbook, all of the following statements concerning rights are true EXCEPT _________________________________.
Definition
rights involve the absence of power, not the creation of power
Term
Which of the following is NOT constitutional?
Definition
Fulfilling quotas of minorities in school admissions
Term
Laws that treat men and women differently are subject to _________________________.
Definition
an intermediate standard of review
Term
In Lawrence v. Texas, the Supreme Court ruled that _____________________________.
Definition
state sodomy laws were a violation of the right to privacy
Term
What is the definition of strict scrutiny?
Definition
A heightened standard of review used by the Supreme Court to assess the constitutionality of laws that limit some freedoms or that make a suspect classification
Term
Women gained the right to vote by a strategy of ________________________________.
Definition
gaining the right to vote in states where they had support and expanding their support over time
Term
What is the definition of affirmative action?
Definition
A policy of creating opportunities for members of certain groups as a substantive remedy for past discrimination
Term
The rights given blacks in the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments did not really help African Americans following the Civil War because _________________________.
Definition
Congress, president, and southern state governments made little effort to enforce them
Term
The Supreme Court of ________ declared that marriage was a civil right and that banning same-sex marriage violated the state's equal protection and due process clauses.
Definition
Massachusetts
Term
Congressional policy toward Native Americans has historically varied between ______________________________________________.
Definition
European style culture and encouraging self governance
Term
The Supreme Court designated race a suspect class in ____.
Definition
1950's
Term
The _______ role of interest groups is reflected in MADD's attempts to increase public awareness of problems related to drunk driving and to direct legislative attention to the issue.
Definition
agenda-building
Term
The likelihood that people with a shared interest will form a group is increased when each of the following occurs EXCEPT
Definition
the potential members are unemployed and have a great deal of time to engage in politics.
Term
Interest groups perform all of the following roles in politics EXCEPT
Definition
electing members to public office.
Term
All of the following statements concerning direct lobbying are true EXCEPT
Definition
It is hard for interest groups to lobby the bureaucracy.
Term
Political action committees, or PACs, are
Definition
the fundraising arm for interest groups.
Term
Americans
Definition
are much more likely to belong to groups than are citizens of other nations.
Term
Critics of campaign finance reform use the activities of 527 groups in the 2004 election as proof that
Definition
campaign finance reform is ineffective because groups will always find loopholes that allow them to influence election campaigns
Term
Even though their goal is to provide a collective good, public interest groups often struggle because they
Definition
are often vulnerable to the free rider problem and to disputes over whether some collective goods (like abortion or gun rights) are beneficial.
Term
The “revolving door” exists because
Definition
some of the most effective lobbyists are former government officials.
Term
_____ are the type of interest group that is least likely to meet Madison’s definition of “factions.”
Definition
Public interest groups
Term
People form _________ through the process of political socialization.
Definition
Political Opinions
Term
______________ is the learning process by which most people get their political attitudes, opinions, beliefs and knowledge
Definition
Political socialization
Term
___________ are Factors in one's life that leads one to vote one way or another.
Definition
Agents of Political Socialization
Term
The largest agent of political socialization is _______________.
Definition
The Importance of Family
Term
______________ is a set of political beliefs that includes the advocacy of active government in helping individuals.
Definition
Liberalism
Term
A _______________ would advocate:
- Intervention to improve quality of life and to protect civil rights
- Redistribution of wealth
Definition
Liberal
Term
________________ is a set of beliefs that includes a limited role for the national government in helping individuals
Definition
Conservatism
Term
A ___________________ would advocate:
- Support of traditional values and lifestyles
- Cautious toward change
- Economic self determination
Definition
Conservative
Term
_______________ consist of the political center.
Definition
Moderates
Term
__________________ is a set of political beliefs that focuses on individual liberties, protection from the government, and is primarily fiscally conservative while being primarily socially liberal
Definition
Libertarianism
Term
A _________ would advocate:
- As little government intervention as possible
- Civil liberties
- Individual privacy
Definition
Libertarian
Term
-Party Identification
-Perception of the Candidates
-Policy Choices
-These factors determine __________
Definition
Why People Vote as They Do After they are politically socialized
Term
The largest factor in determining how one votes after they are politically socialized is ____________.
Definition
Party Identification
Term
A ___________ is a snapshot of how people feel at the time of the poll
Definition
public opinion poll
Term
- Straw polls
- Random sample
- Exit Polls
- Push Polls
- These are used as _________________.
Definition
ways one gets a sample of public opinion.
Term
A ___________ is the most accurate way to get a sample of public opinion.
Definition
A random sample showing no bias in poll question
Term
A ____________ is the difference between what the sample results reveal and what the true results would have been if the total possible relevant population was polled.
Definition
sample error
Term
A ______________ refers to the people selected to represent the population that is being surveyed.
Definition
sample
Term
Are exit polls accurate?
Definition
It depends on the sample size and the number sampled.
Term
A ________________ is a political campaign technique in which an individual or organization attempts to influence or alter the view of respondents under the guise of conducting a poll.
Definition
push poll
Term
What is the most important demographic factor in likely voters?
Definition
Education
Term
Minorities are __________ in likely voter polls
Definition
underrepresented
Term
______________ help determine public opinion.
Definition
Polls
Term
What is the Media?
Definition
A medium transmits content
Term
- Television
- Newspapers
- Movies
- Internet
- Radio
- These are examples of ________________.
Definition
Types of media
Term
- Entertainment Shows
- News Channels
- Debate Shows
- These are examples of ________________ in the media.
Definition
television
Term
- Current Information
- Influencing Political Leaders
- These are examples of _______________ in the media.
Definition
newspapers
Term
- Round the clock news
- Diversity of news sources
- Blogs (web logs)
- These are examples of the ______________ in the media?
Definition
internet
Term
- Fahrenheit 911
- Flight 93
These are examples of ________________ in the Media.
Definition
movies
Term
- Talk Radio
- News on the radio
These are examples of ________________ in the Media.
Definition
Radio
Term
- Less range of views and exchange of ideas
- Corporate pressure to avoid topics that would impact on corporate interests
- Financial pressure to reduce the quality of news coverage.
- These are examples of _____________.
Definition
the Impacts of Concentration of Media Outlets
Term
A _______________ is when the media and politicians use each other to mutual advantage
Definition
Symbiotic relationship
Term
A ____________ is when the media and politicians fight each other.
Definition
Adversarial relationship
Term
Websites, Newspapers, Talk Radio, Movies, Books are __________ to the mainstream media.
Definition
alternatives
Term
What would be the effect on politics if there were no electronic media, just newspapers and magazines?
Definition
Less range of view an ideas
Term
The media ________________ given George W. Bush an easy ride
Definition
has not
Term
Our local media displays bias by ________________.
Definition
Inserting popular local opinion in the coverage it presents
Term
The news media could make a greater contribution to American democracy?
Definition
by doing a better job at presenting news objectively
Term
A powerful way Bill Clinton would display emotion publicly is when he would ___________.
Definition
bite his lower lip
Term
The media as an Industry is changing through __________.
Definition
new technology and an integration to electronic media
Term
Politicians and media react towards one another through _______________.
Definition
a series of symbiotic relationships, adversarial relationships, or a combination of the two
Term
Due to ______ there is a Less range of views and exchange of ideas in the media.
Definition
Political Pressure
Term
Media outlets are often corporations and being such they have _______________ to present news in a relevant way to their base.
Definition
financial and corporate pressure
Term
There is _________ to reduce the quality of news coverage in the media because the corporations who own some outlets want to keep the demographic they have.
Definition
Financial Pressure
Term
_________ describes the effect that is happening to large media corporations now that news can be delivered from a myriad of sources.
Definition
atomization
Term
__________ is another term used for atomization of the media.
Definition
Fragmentation
Term
The _______ media affected Bush in the 2004 presidential Debates.
Definition
online
Term
The media thought that Bush was wearing a ______________ during the foreign policy debate during the 2004 election.
Definition
wire underneath his jacket to get answers offstage
Term
Media outlets like _________________ have atomized the media and provided and outlet for anyone with a camera to offer political opinion.
Definition
youtube
Term
- Press conferences, interviews, leaks, media events
- School closure debate
- Regurgitation of talking points
- These are examples of ______________.
Definition
symbiotic relationships between the media and president
Term
- Negative news coverage of Iraq rather than focusing on positive developments
- “No journalism is worth doing unless it unseats the mighty” as an attitude of some reporters
- These are examples of _______________.
Definition
adversarial relationships between the media and president
Term
A _________________ is when the press gets a story or information from an unnamed source with a job that helps give inside information not that is not officially given to the media.
Definition
media leak
Term
What happened when Trent Lott when he supported the George Bush's immigration bill?
Definition
He was hammered from the left and the right.
Term
The Pew Research Center shows that Young people get their information primarily from ________________.
Definition
the internet and television
Term
_____________ Succeeded in managing the news better than any other administration
Definition
The Regan Administration
Term
_______________ was highly visible to the media but not very accessible?
Definition
Regan
Term
______________ Tried to focus on an issue or highlight a message, but often got bogged down in policy specifics.
Definition
Bill Clinton
Term
_____________ Didn' talk well; stumbled; made up words; lost train of thought when speaking publicly.
Definition
George Bush
Term
Bush did talk well on the topic of ________________.
Definition
Moral Clarity
Term
___________ committees try to use media to influence public opinion
Definition
Congressional
Term
_______________ shun media attention
Definition
Supreme Court Justices
Term
Justices are _______________ from legitimate investigation and excessive scrutiny
Definition
shielded
Term
Some say that _______________ are businesses and to retain their customers, they must reflect the mainstream of America
Definition
media corporations
Term
The _____________ are used by the media to undercut politicians such as saying “He conceded” rather than “He said”; “Her weak response” rather than “Her response”
Definition
Use of words in stories
Term
_______________ shape the media’s presentation of the news
Definition
The pressure to make a profit and the need to attract an audience
Term
The Pew Research Center shows that older people get their information primarily from ________________.
Definition
newspaper and television
Term
An example of the agent of political socialization of ___________________ would be 9/11.
Definition
major life event
Term
An example of the agent of political socialization of _________________ would be losing one's job.
Definition
economic status
Term
An example of the agent of political socialization of _________________ would be a new Sean Hannity book.
Definition
the media
Term
An example of the agent of political socialization of _________________ would be a speech made by Sarah Palin.
Definition
Opinion Leaders
Term
An example of the agent of political socialization of ________________ would be Young Americans for Liberty. (A Student Libertarian Group)
Definition
Peer Groups
Term
An example of the agent of political socialization of _________________ would be a high school diploma.
Definition
School and Educational Attainment
Term
An example of the agent of political socialization of _________________ would be the issue of Gay Marriage.
Definition
the importance of family
Term
Older people vote ________________ than younger people.
Definition
more regularly
Term
Those who are less wealthy people vote ______________ than those who are more wealthy.
Definition
less often
Term
________________ is used by candidates to reveal something that may weaken them in the election in their own way to prevent their opposition from using it against them.
Definition
Inoculation
Term
The relationship between Ann Coulter and John Edwards is a _____________ relationship.
Definition
symbiotic and adversarial
Term
The final exam is _____________.
Definition
Thursday, December 9, at 4pm
Term
A candidate is nominated by _______________.
Definition
either a party nominating convention or a meeting of party delegates held by party leaders
Term
A meeting of members of a political party or subgroup to coordinate members' actions, choose group policy, or nominate candidates for various offices is called a ______________.
Definition
caucus
Term
A election in which voters select candidates for a subsequent election is called a ___________.
Definition
Primary election
Term
__________ refers to the rush to try and have a state's primary held early so the result will have a bigger impact
Definition
front-loading
Term
A preliminary election in which a party's candidates for public office are nominated by direct vote of the people is a _________.
Definition
Direct Primary
Term
A ________________ is a primary in which the candidate from that one party is selected from others in that party to run in an upcoming election.
Definition
Closed Primary
Term
A _________________ is a primary in which you ask for a republican or a democrat ballot when voting.
Definition
semi-open primary
Term
A ________________ is a primary in which all candidates run and the top two vote-getters run for the office no matter what their party affiliations are.
Definition
Open Primary
Term
Investigation of an opponent's background the purpose of exploiting weaknesses or undermining credibility is called _____________.
Definition
opposition research
Term
Wedge issues are controversial matters _________________.
Definition
that one party uses to split voters in the other party
Term
______________ voting occurs when people base their voting decisions on well-informed opinions and consideration of the future consequences of their votes.
Definition
Prospective
Term
The single biggest factor accounting for how people decide to vote is ________________.
Definition
party identification
Term
Typically the three important tasks of the presidential convention are to pick the presidential candidate, ____________________.
Definition
select the vice presidential candidate, and write the party's platform
Term
Citizens’ feelings of effectiveness in political affairs is called _____________.
Definition
political efficacy
Term
In recent presidential elections, voter turnout has been __________________.
Definition
rising
Term
A valence issue is an issue __________________.
Definition
on which most voters and candidates share the same position
Term
Politicians probably won't pass major electoral reforms that might increase participation, because current politicians _________________.
Definition
won in the current system and are concerned about whom the beneficiaries of such changes might be
Term
______________ determines how delegates are distributed by the primaries
Definition
Party Rules
Term
The term "convention bump" refers to ________________.
Definition
the opinion poll spike that most candidates enjoy immediately after the convention
Term
A plebiscite is _______________________.
Definition
a popular vote on national policy issues
Term
Regarding the impact of the public in American national decision-making, the founders wanted ________________________.
Definition
a system legitimated by the public but also protected from the possible dangers of the public's power
Term
______________ is the process by which majority opinion becomes exaggerated because minorities do not feel comfortable speaking out in opposition.
Definition
The spiral of silence
Term
Compared to other industrialized nations, the United States ranks __________________ in voter participation.
Definition
near the bottom
Term
The gender gap is especially large on issues of _____________________________.
Definition
violence
Term
The danger of majority tyranny in a democracy most likely would result from _______________________________.
Definition
majority rule without the tempering influence of debate and discussion
Term
One concern about question wording in polls is that the person being sampled will be unfamiliar with a subject and thereby ________________________________.
Definition
give responses based on cues picked up from the context of the interview or the question
Term
Regarding tolerance, Americans are generally ____________________________.
Definition
supportive of general issues such as free speech but less supportive when asked to extend rights to unpopular groups
Term
One advantage of direct contact between elected officials and the public versus the use of public opinion polls is that direct contact ____________________________________.
Definition
provides more representative samples of public opinion
Term
The relationship between sample size and sampling error is ______________________.
Definition
the larger the sample, the smaller will be the sampling error
Term
CIS stands for _______________.
Definition
Citizen Immigration Services
Term
____________ deals with separation of church and state.
Definition
The Lemon Test
Term
____________ are organizations where government power is exercised.
Definition
institutions
Term
______________ is productions and distribution of a society's material resources and services.
Definition
economics
Term
The problem with the articles of confederation is that there ______________________.
Definition
is no central authority to settle disputes among the states.
Term
The Alien and Sedition acts ____________________.
Definition
were Federalists limiting criticism of the government
Term
_____________ established implied powers and national supremacy.
Definition
McCullough Vs. Maryland
Term
_________________is the shared body of values and beliefs that shape perception
Definition
Political Culture
Term
Jus Sanguins stands for ________________.
Definition
rights by blood
Term
_______________ caused one not being able to be detained or sentenced without a trial.
Definition
The Bill of Attainder
Term
Jus Soli stands for ________________.
Definition
Right by birth (If someone is born in the US it gives them citizenship.)
Term
A ____________ is a law placed on a ballet and voted on by the people.
Definition
referendum
Term
The concept of majority rules is also known as ____________.
Definition
majoritism
Term
Politics is _________________________.
Definition
who gets what when and how
Term
____________ is language that shapes behavior and regulates word usage.
Definition
Political Correctness
Term
___________ is a public utterance of great untruth.
Definition
Slander
Term
_________ is a published lie.
Definition
Libel
Term
______________ is speech that is harmfully anti government.
Definition
Seditious speech
Term
The ________________ makes it so one can practice any faith as long as it does not break any laws.
Definition
Free exercise clause
Term
The ____________ makes it so the government can't establish an official religion.
Definition
establishment clause
Term
The 14th amendment establishes _________.
Definition
due process
Term
The no ex facto law make it so that ________________________.
Definition
one cannot be prosecuted for an action that was legal when it was committed
Term
The ________________ prohibits any law that has punishment without trial.
Definition
Prohibition of Bill of Attainder
Term
________________ states that you must be presented to the court and told why you are being held.
Definition
Habeus Corpus
Term
New Federalism __________________________________.
Definition
was more state centered and represented a marble cake.
Term
Dual Federalism ___________________________________.
Definition
was more nation centered and represented a layered cake.
Term
_____________ are powers that the state and federal government share.
Definition
Cocurrent powers
Term
A Federal government is when _______________________.
Definition
the government and states both have power
Term
A Unitary Government is when _________________________________.
Definition
The Government has the power
Term
A Confederacy is when _______________________________.
Definition
states have more power than the government.
Term
Anti-Federalists __________________________.
Definition
pushed the bill or rights
Term
The Great Compromise ________________________ and is also known as the Connecticut compromise.
Definition
combined the two previous compromises
Term
_________ led a rebellion of farmers and those in debt but was defeated.
Definition
Shay
Term
The Virginia Plan was __________.
Definition
Bicameral
Term
The NJ plan was ______________.
Definition
Unicameral
Term
One's _______________ include life liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
Definition
Natural Rights
Term
___________________ is what finally pissed off the Colonists enough to initiate the Revolution.
Definition
The takes to cover the French and Indian war
Term
The separatists from England wanted to _____________.
Definition
Practice Religion
Term
Rules and Directives represent the _______ of Politics.
Definition
How
Term
Elections and meetings represent the ________ of politics.
Definition
When
Term
Bills, Power, Etc, represent the _______ of Politics.
Definition
What
Term
The People involved in any part of the political process represent the ______ of Politics.
Definition
Who
Term
______________ is a system or organization for exercising authority over a body of people.
Definition
Government
Term
A system of political ideas rooted in belief represent _________.
Definition
ideology
Term
A small group of thinkers who influence government are know as __________.
Definition
elitists
Term
_________ represents the group of people who represent special interest groups.
Definition
Pluralism
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