mid 18^th century led to rapid expansion of manufacturing and technological innovation. Small peasnt or craftsmen led to wage labourer (money and market transactions replaced bartering.

Education broadens mans outlook, enables him to understand the need for norms of tolerance restrains him from adhering to extremist doctrines and increases his capacity to make rational electoral choices. The poorer a country and the lower the standard of living of the lower classes the greater pressure on the upper class to make them feel lower, consequently they tend to regard policitcal rights for lower people as absurd and immoral.

Proved wrong through universal suffrage.

Founded in late 1909. Goal was to give working class voters representation in parliament. Grew to become a major challenger of the conservative power.

Due to rise in working class (related to universal suffrage)

Associated with the British upper-class yet created modern welfare state in Britain, upperclass leadership and lower following. Forced to become extreme conservatives due to tony blairs middle ground third way politics. Center-right party since 18^th century. Prospective legislation comes from many different places like think tanks and political parties.

Liberal democrats, branch off of the labour party, struggle to gain/maintain much influence. National front (neofacist, anti-immigration).

Efforts by these groups and their liberal political proponents to institute democracy were significant but shortlive and ultimately unsuccessful. Different groups increasingly sougtht to exercise influence in the political realm, with some success, including the election of the first commoner as prime minister in 1918, the granting of universal male suffrage by 1925, and the establishment of political parties. Tentative democratization in japan.

Enduring linkages among senior bureaucrats, conservative politicians, and corporate executives form what has been referred to as an iron triangle, in which the determination and implementation of policies are often facilitated not by negotiations, hearings, and parliamentary votes but by informal discussion (known as administrative guidance) between former colleagues and during afterwork drinking sessions among friends. This web of connections with Japanese state consisted of many triangles involving veteran politicians with policy expertise, bureaucrats in a particular ministry or division, and the private sector representatives of interest groups in that policy area. Informal policy negotiations among Japanese bureaucrats and corporate executives.

The third leg of the iron triangle is made up of japans large corporations and the large industrial groupings or conglomerates (Keiretsu) to which they belong. These players have been both proponents of and participants in japans postwar development.

Japans conservative political party, which has governed japan for all but one year since the partys inception in 1955

Came together in the late 90s as the merger of several of the 1993 breakaway parties from the LDP. Because the party’s primary goal is simply to unseat the LDP government, it is difficult to draw much distinction between the DPJs calls for liberalization, devolution and break up the iron triangle and similar efforts.

The successor of the societ era organization. The party was allowed to reorganize and draws support from a substantial portion of the population that is ambivalant

Hierarchal party structure elected from within

Lists of who can hold party positions, a way for the party to control who can have a government position. The politically influential jobs in the sate, society, or economy and the communist party appointees who staffed them. Was allowed to reorganize and draws support from a substantial portion of the population that is ambivalent about or hostile to the political and economic changes that have taken place since the 80s.

Small party in Russia which advocates democracy and a liberal political economic system

Wealthy individuals who benefited from insider privatization and control all money. Russian people who are noted for their control of large amounts of the Russian economy including the media, their close ties to the government, and the accusations of corruption surrounding their rise to power.

Formed by one of the leaders of the may fourth movement. After KMT (nationalist party) had emerged as the effective leader of much of the country the CCP and hoped to move the KMT into the soviet orbit. Authoritarian party that has ruled china from 1949 till present.

The highest organ of the state, government and state institutions remain subservient to party oversight. Nonetheless, day-to-day responsibilities for managing the affairs of the country are largely in the hands of the executive state councils ministries and commissions.

In steel production wastes agricultural labor which causes a nation wide famine. First major break from the soviet union. Departing from the model of highly centralized planning, mao reorganized the Chinese people into a series of communes. They served all basic social and economic functions from industrial production to health care. Maos disastrous effort to modernize china through localized industrial production and agricultural communes.

Mao and his backers accused CCP of having taken the capitalist road and encouraged public to bomb the headquarters or challenge the party state bureaucracy at all levels. All schools were closed, and student radicals took to the streets to act as the vanguard of the revolution. Authority figures were attacked, imprisoned, tortured, exiled to the countryside or killed. Historic buildings, writings, and works of art condemned as bourgeois and reactionary were destroyed.

Maos radical movement launched in 1966 to regain political control from rivals resulting in a decade of social and political chaos.

Global commodity chain studies draw on the insights of dependency/world systems theory. Distinguish producer driven commodity trains such as automobiles, aricraft and electrical equipment, capital, and technology intensive. Core multinational corporations invest directly.

Buyer driven include appearl, shoes, toys, which are labor intensive and low technology. core corporations own trademarks, engage in subcontracting with just in time inventory control which is very short production lead times. Low barriers to entry in manufacturing  leads to high barriers to entry in design and marketing.

Dominant labor organization was created by the PRI and became one of the main pillars of the governing party. The CTM was dominated for over fifty years, untl his death in 1997, by fidel velazquiez sanches, a PRI diehard.

Indicator of the degree of inequality in mexico is the tremendous size and importance of the informal sector. A conservative estimate is that over 9 million Mexicans (perhaps as much as one third of the total workforce) are employed in the underground economy as informal vendors of goods and servies.

North American Free Trade Agreement (Mexico)

For example Corn Trade and Subsidies

Smaller factories across boarder invested by us

a conservative catholic Mexican political party that ntil 2000 was the main opposition to the PRI.

Founded because country needed more than one strong party. Platform was greater regional autonomy, less government intervention in economy, clean elections, connections with the catholic church, and support for educations. Until 80s they elected 9 to 10 percent of all deputies.

PRD Democratic Revolutionary Party (Mexico)

Populast and nationalis, left of venter policies, presidential candidate (cardenas) and internal divisions. Many smaller parties. To remain registered, parties must receive 2.5 percent of the vote nationally.

Multi-national corporations (Mexico)

Marketing board/monopsony (Nigeria)

Example: Palm oil, Cocoa

Igbo officers seized power from government in januarty 1966 which reduced palm oil.

Used state resources for partisan purposes and restricted acces to state owned media.

General olusegun obasanjo and other opponents of abacha formed the PDP and successfully won the presidency in the following years elections as well as election. Political party that has dominated Nigerian politics since its 1998 formation, its base is in the hausa muslim ethnic group of norther Nigeria.