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Task of Theory:

1.       Description

2.       Prediction

3.       Prescription

4.       Provides Normative Goals?

Theory Evaluated in terms of:

1.       Accuracy

2.       Generalizability

3.       Parsimony (more specific=less parsimonious)

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A set of assumptions about the world that:

·         Simplify a complex environment

·         Provide an analytical filter/analytical lens

·         Paradigms is more of an observation

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Realism-Assumptions

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1.       Anarchy

a.       Self-help system – everyone looks out for himself – no world government

b.      “Spread of Democracy- not really important...”

2.       States are dominant actors –not civ., unions....etc

a.       Rational actors – costs/benefits + probability...

                                                              i.      Critics say it may be psychological, values, morality, ideology...

b.      Unitary actors – speak with one voice (at least on important issues)

3.       National interest – defined in terms of relative power (more powerful than neighbours)

a.       Hierarchy of issues topped by security – protect yourself against neighbours.

b.      Interests bound to conflict – system will eventually lead to conflicts – relative power

                                                              i.      Realist criticism: what is best for us...is best for everyone else

1.       US-Democratization in the Middle East

4.       Relative Gains, rather than absolute gains

a.       Emphasis on relative power

                                                              i.      Cooperation is faulty. May make another state more powerful than you.

5.       Morality? – not very important.-ideological agendas, run into problems, international lesson

a.       Prudence/Restraint – justifies prudent policies – Harsh critics against Iraq

                                                              i.      Realist critic- glorifies/justifies warfare.

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Neo-Realism/Structural Realism

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·         Kenneth Waltz (Theory and International Relations)

·         “Man, State and War”

·         Levels of Analysis:

o   Man – A king, a PM, anyone.

§  Cautious, gambler, rational...? àAdolf Hitler

o   State – type of gov., pol system, etc.

§  Democracy(supposed to be more peaceful), authoritarian, identity(hyper-nationalism)

·         Level of hyper-nationalism in Germany

o   International system (interstate) – IS overall – emphasized by Waltz

§  Different types of IS produce different political outcomes

§  Anarchy –realist point of view-makes conflict endemic

·         Some anarchic system are more unstable than others-

o   Distribution of power –1, 2, multipower system

§  US-Super power-military, eco, cultural

§  Cold War: 2 power system

§  Before: multi power system Fr, Gr, GB...so on

·         Factors that shape relationships and politics

o   Mainly tried to study how these shaped conflict in the international system

o   Studied IV(independant variables)

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Neo-realism is limited, back to roots trend, more problems into discussion

·         Economy underwrites Security

o   Resources for military power

o   Independence

o   Power

·         Economy managed to promote relative power, not maximize profit and wealth

o   “High politics”-power, army, security

o   “Low politics”-everything else –economics...no sense, you need it for security-

§  Accepts this, less dependent, more leverage over other states, etc...

·         US controlled LA countries’ treasuries

o   Mercantilism: makes the king as powerful by driving the economy

§  Makes the state economically more powerful

·         Wealth is accumulated for power, not to be better off