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Like ts in cats.
Equivalent to German z in Zeit. |
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| Always hard like in game, never like gene. |
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Always soft like in silk.
It is never pronounced as a z |
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Pronounced like v.
Before voiceless consonants, it may be pronounced as f. |
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Somewhat similar to sit or myth.
It is never pronounced ee. |
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"Nasal o"
Pronounced like on or om (when followed by b or p) or [ɔw̃]. See ą for details.
Colloquially: When ą is followed by ł, most Poles will pronounce it as o. |
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| Soft tch. Similar to but clearly softer than cz. |
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| Pronounced like an English w as in will. |
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Pronounced like soft n in onion.
Similar to Spanish ñ and French gn. |
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| Exactly the same as u, like tool or soup. |
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| Soft sh. Similar to but clearly softer than sz. |
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| Soft zh. Similar to but clearly softer than ż and rz. |
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| Hard zh. Sounds exactly the same as rz. |
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mouth.
Exception: Compound words, e.g., words with the prefix na or za such as nauczyć and zaufać. In that case, the vowels a and u are pronounced separately |
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c followed by i is pronounced just like ć.
If ci is followed by another vowel, the i serves only to produce the ć sound, so ciastko (cookie) could be misspelled "ćastko". |
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| Hard tch. Fairly similar to chip. |
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Somewhat similar to gene.
Similar to but softer than dż. |
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dz followed by i is pronounced just like dź.
If dzi is followed by another vowel, the i serves only to produce the dź sound, so dziadek (grandfather) could be misspelled "dźadek". |
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Hard zh. Sounds exactly the same as ż.
Fairly similar to Zhivago, vision and French je suis.
(Even Poles find it impossible to pronounce after k, ch, p, or t. Pronouncing it as "sh" is fine in those cases). |
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s followed by i is pronounced just like ś.
If si is followed by another vowel, the i serves only to produce the ś sound, so siatka (net) could be misspelled "śatka". |
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| Hard sh. Fairly similar to ship. |
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z followed by i is pronounced just like ź.
If zi is followed by another vowel, the i serves only to produce the ź sound, so ziarno (grain) could be misspelled "źarno". |
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