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| 10% federal budget goes to |
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| pay interest on national debt |
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| highest burden of social security taxes falls on.. |
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| the lowest income Americans |
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| 3 main methods of disposing solid waste in US |
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| landfills, incineration, recycling |
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| who created comprehensive environmental response act of 1980 |
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| market as a self-adjusting mechanism |
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| economic instability result of fluctionations in demand |
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| economic instability result of fluctionations in demand |
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| supply-side economic theory |
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| focuses on expansion in the productive capacity of society |
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| why entitlement spending continues to rise |
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-incrementalism in entitlements
-indexing of benefits
-increasing costs of in-kind benefits
-backdoor spending |
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| government decisions about income (taxes) and spending |
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| money supply and interest rates |
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| largest source of income tax for federal government |
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| authorizes government agencies to keep spending money for specified period, usually at same level as in previous fiscal yr |
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| eliminate exemptions, exclutions, deductions, special treatments; replace current progressive tax rates with 19% tax on all forms of income |
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| taxes take larger share of income from low-income tax groups |
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carbon emissions trading program
-regulate carbon emmisions |
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| environmental externalities |
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| act that deteriorates environment |
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| required US and other developed nations to reduce their emissions below 1990 levels b/w 2008 and 2010 |
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| supplemental appropriation |
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| funds not in original budget for fiscal yr or in original congressional appropriate acts |
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| taxes require high-income groups to pay larger percent of incomes in taxes than low-income groups |
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| taxes that require all income groups to pay same % of income in taxes |
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| who primarily drives US trade and immigration policies |
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| segregation of schools in 17 states..what yr? |
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| US defense policy best described what what model |
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| when did support for iraq war decrease |
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| what is harry v. forklift |
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| supreme court case involving sexual harassment and definition of hostile work environment |
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| terrorism reached new levels when |
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| new mission for us military |
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-regulate $ supply and avoid inflation and recession
-oversee operation of 12 fed reserve banks |
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| changes from tax reform act of 1986 |
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-rates lowered to 15 and 28.
-real estate: restore deductions for vaca. homes
-tax shelters: eliminated
-oil and gas: retain most special pref. in tax code
-bank and auto: lost retention of interest deductions on auto and consumer loans
-res and entertain: restored 80% deductions |
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| incrementalism in federal budget-making |
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-fiscal and monetary policy
-considered last yrs expendature as base of spending for each new program |
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| difficulty in changing entitlement programs |
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| -cant take away SSI and medicare: these r long promised benefits and their removal would be a failure of trust by voters |
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-central issue: what income group devote largest portion of income to taxes
-progressivity: high income pay most
-proportional: all groups pay same |
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| environmental externality? |
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-individual, firm, government undertakes activity that imposes unwanted costs on others
-firm discharge waste into river: shift cost to individuals, firms, etc. forgo using river for recreation and h2o supply, or pay to have it cleaned
-coal buring comp: discharge watse into air, lower price to consumers and lower production costs, increase profits. |
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strategic arms limitation talks bw us and soviet union
-1972, first effort by superpowers to limit strategic nuclear weapons. formal treaty stopping further production of antiballistic missle systems |
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north atlantic treaty organization
-response to aggressive soviet moves in europe after wwII
-pleged that armed attack after one is armed attack at all. |
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| us customs, immigration and nautralization service, border patrol, TSA, US coast guard, secret service,federal emergency management agency (fema) |
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-supreme court struck down special admissions program for minorities at state medical school
--it excluded a white applicate bc of race, violated rights under equal protection clause. |
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equality of rights under law cant be denied by us or state on account of sex
-was at center of feminist activity in 1970 |
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| what each nation does relatively better than the other. trade shift resources in each nation toward what each does best. |
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north american free trade agreement
-1993. remove tariffs on all products by 3 nations over 10-15 yrs (Us, canada, mexico) |
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federal trade area of the americas
-eliminate barriers to trade and investment
-opponents "race to the bottom" |
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| Us import higher dollar value of goods than is exported |
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| barriers to womens advancement in top positions are very subtle. |
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