Term
| Ethical Mandate of the social work profession |
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Definition
- Mandate to change the underlying conditions that lead to and sustain inequity. Social work is increasingly viewed as a policy-based profession.
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Term
| Historical Context of American Public Policies |
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Definition
These policies have historically created, maintained, and exacerbated socioeconomic inequality. Deny certain groups access to political power and a livable share of the nation’s wealth. It is important to use this context to increase understanding of how color is significant in policy formation. |
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Term
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Definition
| By John Jay. “Intellectual precursor to the constitution” and all public policies in the U.S. All about how America is made up of White Anglo-Saxon Protestants who share the same ancestors, customs, etc. It set the tone for future policies- other groups excluded. |
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Term
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Definition
| 16th Century. Gave legal title of the newly discovered lands to the discovering nation. Supreme court said that only the federal government could take over tribal land. |
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Term
| Nature of the Fundamental Flaws in U.S. Democracy |
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Definition
| Long-term monopolization of the legislative process by a single race and gender raised questions about these flaws. Naturalization Acts key to seeing these flaws because they were so specific. |
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Term
| Philosophical Principles that provide the basis for the Naturalization Acts of 1790 and 1795 |
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Definition
| Related to the race and gender of the policy maker. Principles about race and gender- inferiority and superiority |
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Term
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Definition
| 1996 Class Action Lawsuit: Elouise Cobell, member of the Blackfeet Nation. Addresses where the money collected from the start of the implementation of the 1887 Dawes Act up to 1980 went. Judge ruled in favor of Cobell, said that the tribes were owed money. Judge said that the government abused its power and used the Dawes Act to force tribes off their land. Case is still open. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gave the U.S. government broad fiduciary power and responsibility to hold allotted lands and any fees or income generated from leases of the land or its mineral rights in federal trust accounts on behalf of tribal nations or members. The idea was to keep the money for them and use it later for welfare programs, etc. and reinvest it in the people. However, the exact timetable for return wasn’t spelled out in the Act, so it was like the government was just taking the tribe’s money. |
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Term
| 1862 Public Policy Meeting between President Lincoln and Africans in America |
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Definition
| Africans in America were ignored up until this point. (No policy was made to benefit them until then). Lincoln set aside $100,000 to send Africans in America back to Africa or South America, but realized be couldn’t get away with sending them because they were considered property. White Southerners would have been furious if he had taken their property, so it wasn’t a solution. This meeting did let African Americans give Lincoln their list of grievances. |
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Term
| 1856 Scott v. Sandford Supreme Court Decision |
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Definition
| Upheld the Naturalization Act of 1790- Whites only citizenship. Concluded that Africans in America didn’t have “rights or privileges” that should be respected by whites. This decision established that Africans in America were considered property to be bought and sold, treated as merchandise, and the goal was to make a profit off of them. |
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Term
| 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: |
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Definition
| Signed to end the Mexican-American War, but was never recognized by the U.S. Legislature. It outlined the U.S.’s duties to Mexicans who were now living in the U.S., since the U.S. acquired the Southwest at the end of the war. The U.S. never fulfilled its obligations. |
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Term
| 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: five provisions from Articles 8-10 |
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Definition
a. Persons who decide to stay in the territory ceded to the U.S. or who eventually decide to leave will retain ownership of their property.
b. They have up to 1 year to decide if they want to become a citizen of the U.S. Citizenship of people in the territory ceded to the U.S. is automatic after 1 yr.
c. Citizenship given will include all constitutional rights of the U.S.
d. Property- See p. 23 for full explanation
e. Free to practice religion without restriction |
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Term
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Definition
| Signed by FDR Feb. 19, 1942. Japanese Internment Camps. This order allowed the government to designate any geographic are as a military restricted area. Internal security threat was the reasoning for it. The order did not explicitly say Japanese, but that is the only group that ended up there. (Germans and Italians were not forced into these camps, even though the U.S. was at war with their countries of origin too.) |
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Term
| Findings of Commission on 1983 Wartime Relocation & Internment: |
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Definition
| Found that Order 9066 violated rights, and there was no legitimate reason for it. Racial prejudice, failure in national leadership, etc. Labor organizations helped create Anti-Japanese sentiment |
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Term
| Civil Liberties Act of 1988 |
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Definition
Response to the Commission about order 9066. The government did 4 things:
a. Acknowledge the injustice of the camps.
b. Apologize.
c. Create a fund to educate people about what really happened in the camps so that it does not happen again.
d. Restitution payments: $20,000 per person to make up for what they lost when interned. |
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Term
| Four interacting factors which lead to the formulation of social policies and programs for families |
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Definition
1. Level of output (economic)
2. View of Society on the degree to which the “system” is operating effectively
3. Popular View of Human Nature
4. Historical Heritage |
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Term
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Definition
| Advocated for the government to fund the establishment mental hospitals |
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Term
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Definition
| Established the Hull House in Chicago in 1889, emphasizing community development and neighborhood services. Did not blame individuals for their social struggles but recognized that social institutions needed reform to help individuals. Served as an officer of the National Child Labor Committee, whose primary interest was child labor legislation. In 1906 the committee introduced in Congress a bill for the establishment of a children's bureau. It was eventually created in 1912. Also one of the white reformers who joined Du Bois and the Niagara Group to found the NAACP. When antiblack discrimination surfaced at the Progressive's party presidential convention in 1912, she threatened to leave but ultimately stayed. |
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Term
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Definition
| COS (social settlement) leader who outlined the basis for casework in her book, Social Diagnosis, which grounded social work in observation and practice rather than moral judegements |
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Term
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Definition
| President of NAWSA. Gained support from president Wilson and lead the effort towards the passing of the 19th amendment |
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Term
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Definition
| White reformer who helped establish the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. |
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Term
| • President Franklin Pierce’s Veto Message |
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Definition
| Vetoed a bill that would establish government funded mental hospitals. Reported that it was the states’ responsibility to address social welfare when charities are insufficient to handle the problem. |
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Term
| • Naturalization Act of 1870 |
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Definition
| Limited naturalization to “whites and those of African decent” |
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Term
| • 1911 Funds to Parents Act |
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Definition
| Illinois. First state wide mandatory law that provided public funds for dependent children in their own homes. Based on the belief that widowed mothers were not expected to work |
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Term
| • 1911 Mother’s Pension law |
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Definition
| Missouri. Like Funds to Parents Act. Intended to provide public funds for widowed mothers and their children. Allowed each county in Missouri to determine whether or not to give this sort of aid. Was not mandatory across the state. |
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Term
| • 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution |
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Definition
| Allowed women the right to vote |
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Term
| • National Origins Act of 1924 |
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Definition
| Set up a system of quotas for immigration, with each country allotted a quota related to the proportion of nationals already present in the United States. Reflecting anti-Catholic and anti-Jewish sentiments of the era, the act was intended to slow the immigration rates of southern and eastern Europeans and to limit the total number of foreigners admitted. |
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Term
| • Poor Laws in England & the Colonies |
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Definition
| divided social welfare responses for the worthy poor—the disabled and children—from those for the unworthy—the able-bodied poor. Offered some support (cash relief) to the disabled and served as a deterrent to the able-bodied who might consider not working. |
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Term
| • Social Security Act of 1935 |
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Definition
| Major part of Roosevelt’s New Deal. Expanded federal responsibility for the social welfare of the increasing aging population. Strong demographic, economic, and political factors contributed to its passing. |
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Term
| • National Labor relations Act of 1935 |
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Definition
| Wagner Act. Legal authorization of collective bargaining. Authorized the National Labor Relations Board to supervise elections, hear complaints of unfair labor practices, and petition the courts to enforce its orders. |
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Term
| • Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 (GI Bill) |
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Definition
| Comprehensive package aimed at facilitating the return of veterans to civilian status through for education and training; loans for the purchase of a home, business, or farm; unemployment insurance payments; and veterans’ employment services. |
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Term
| • 1939 Amendments to the Social Security Act |
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Definition
| Added benefits for the spouses and children of deceased workers and expanded the number of workers covered by old age insurance. |
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Term
| • National Mental Health Act of 1946 |
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Definition
| provided new funding for research and training programs, as well as the establishment of community mental health services. |
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Term
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Definition
| Eased the entry of wives, husbands, and children of servicemen and women. For this group, it waived visa requirements, ignored racial and ethnic restraints, and eliminated prohibitions based on physical and mental handicaps. It was the beginning of a shift in policy from an emphasis on national origins to an emphasis on family affiliation. |
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Term
| • Civil Rights Act of 1964 |
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Definition
| Prohibits racial, sexual, or ethnic discrimination in employment and established an enforcement mechanism, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. |
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Term
| • Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 |
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Definition
| Sought to eliminate poverty through the creation of Community Action Programs (CAP), youth job and educational training (i.e. Job Corps), special programs designed to address rural poverty, and job training for welfare recipients. |
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Term
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Definition
| formalized the new criteria for entry into the United States. Race, national origin, and ancestry quotas were replaced by admission standards of family relationship, occupation, and skill. The new preference system exempted spouses and minor children of U.S. citizens from all quotas and gave spouses and children of resident aliens high priority. Married children and siblings also received preferential treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Supreme Court decided that children in trouble with the law had many of the legal rights of adults, including the right to counsel, to confidentiality, and to protection from self-incrimination. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| • Colonial Forms of Relief |
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Definition
| Poor Laws and special program for veterans |
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Term
| • Charity Organization Society- Philosophy and Contributions to Social Work practice today |
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Definition
Philosophy: Viewed the poor as morally deficient. Social Darwinism. Scientific Charity
o Contributions: casework, educational and training programs, and the individualization of services to modern social work practice. |
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Term
| • Settlement House Movement – Philosophy and Contributions to Social Work |
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Definition
Philosophy: The settlement movement began with a belief in the normality of its family clientele and geared its program to an expansion of the idea of family to an ideal of communal living. When problems arose for the family unit, correction through societal change, through social reform, was sought.
o Contributions: clubs providing recreational and educational opportunities, social research in regard to family and community needs, and, especially, social action leading to legislative and political change. |
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Term
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Definition
| Created in 1912, under Roosevelt, to report, among other things, on “dangerous occupations, accidents and diseases of children, employment legislation affecting children.” The bureau’s investigations bolstered the report of the secretary of labor as to the need for child protections, and further efforts to obtain federal regulation of child welfare followed. |
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Term
| • Roosevelt’s 3 types of remedial legislation |
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Definition
| Relief, Recovery, Reform of abusive practices |
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Term
| • The family & medical Leave Act |
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Definition
| The act requires employers to grant workers up to twelve weeks of unpaid leave annually for the birth or adoption of a child, to care for an ill family member, or to recover from serious illness. Although the leave is unpaid, health benefits remain intact throughout the period. When workers return to their jobs, they are guaranteed an equivalent position with seniority maintained. The legislation applies to private and public employers with fifty or more workers. |
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Term
| • Victimization vs. Incarceration rates in 1990s |
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Definition
| Crime plummeted and arrests remained stable, the number of Americans under correctional supervision—in prison, on probation, or on parole—exploded. There was increase in the disparity between victimization and arrests. Rates of racial minorities under correctional supervision were disproportionately higher. |
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Term
| • 4 agencies responsible for distribution of benefits to veterans |
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Definition
Bureau of War Risk Insurance
Rehabilitation Division of the Federal Board for Vocational Education
Public Health Services
Armed services
(ultimately created the Veterans Bureau to consolidate) |
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Term
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Definition
| a philosophy developed by Herbert Spencer and others, saw social development as similar to Darwin’s evolutionary principles. Rather than adding to America’s diversity, the new immigrants entered a battle of “survival of the fittest.” |
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Term
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Definition
| Care offered to the poor who lived in homes other than their own or in institutions (i.e. Almshouses, hospitals, work houses). |
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Term
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Definition
| Cash Assistance (in home) |
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Term
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Definition
| The importance of home and family was balanced against a commitment to worldly engagement. Hard work was a necessary component of a person’s calling and worldly success was a sign of personal salvation |
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Term
| • Worthy vs. Unworthy Poor |
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Definition
Worthy: disabled and children
Unworthy: able-bodied poor |
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Term
| • Ad Hoc Committee on Public Welfare |
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Definition
| Group appointed to study the problems and prospects for public assistance. The committee strongly recommended that the role of professionally trained social workers in the program be considerably expanded. It urged “that one-third of all persons engaged in social work capacities in public welfare should hold masters’ degrees in social work.” |
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Term
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Definition
| President Lyndon B. Johnson’s decision to include the elimination of poverty among his plans for a “Great Society” |
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Term
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Definition
| Established in 1910 to help with social welfare problems of African Americans and to promote interracial cooperation. |
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Term
| • NAACP Legal Defense Fund |
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Definition
| Within the black community, the commitment to pursuing integration by legal and political means grew out of organizations like the NAACP Legal Defense Fund that systematically attacked the constitutional basis of segregation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A preparatory education program for preschool, low-income children that become funded through the New Deal |
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Term
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Definition
| problems that arose from structural unemployment and differential unemployment rates—the special problems of the Appalachian region, for example. |
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Term
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Definition
| poverty arising from a personal deficiency, such as ill health, lack of education, or even racial or sexual discrimination. |
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Term
| • Child Abuse Prevention & Treatment Act |
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Definition
| 1974. Provided the first federal funding for child protective services. |
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Term
| • Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act |
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Definition
| 1980, took a more active role in shaping the nature of child protective services and efforts to prevent “foster care drift,” in which children found themselves without a plan for either a return to their parents or another permanent home. |
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Term
| • Americans with disabilities Act |
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Definition
| 1990 established comprehensive civil rights and aimed to reverse the stigmatization of people with disabilities. The law prohibited discrimination against people with physical or mental impairments in employment, transportation, and public accommodations. The regulations implementing the legislation required that new construction for public accommodations—schools, libraries, restaurants, and hospital and nursing home rooms, for example—be accessible. Existing businesses were required to make alterations to buildings to accommodate special needs unless they could show that expenses would be too great. The intent was to integrate those who have disabilities into all aspects of life. |
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Term
| • Adoption and Safe Families Act |
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Definition
| 1997. Placed additional pressure on child welfare agencies to find permanent homes for children removed from homes because of abuse or neglect. |
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Term
| • Bush era Return to “Voluntarism” & Private Charity |
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Definition
| Temporary Assistance for Needy Families was part of Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act. The Act changed federal funding for cash assistance to poor families from an open-ended entitlement to a block grant. The Act focused the new cash assistance program, TANF, on the short-term relief or need; assistance was limited to five years and states were allowed to impose stricter limits if they wished. Combined with the adoption of time limits and work requirements, the states were able to use their new authority to discourage families from applying for welfare and to raise barriers to their receiving benefits. In addition to pushing the states to require welfare recipients to work, the act identified a set of groups (unmarried teen mothers, drug felons, and immigrants) for even greater restrictions on their ability to qualify for assistance. The major “liberal” element in the law was a dramatic expansion in the size of the childcare and development block grant that provided a large increase in subsidized childcare for low-income families. The biggest omission was its failure to require states to offer educational and training opportunities to welfare recipients. It was reauthorized in 2005 to include two major changes: First, in line with the Bush administration’s efforts to politicize the debate over family life, the new bill included funding for marriage promotion efforts; Second, the bill tightened the work requirements governing state plans to compel states to place more welfare recipients into work programs. TANF did not serve enough people, and only reduced the cost of public assistance. |
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Term
| • Impact of TANF on Poverty |
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Definition
| Temporary Assistance for Needy Families was part of Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act. The Act changed federal funding for cash assistance to poor families from an open-ended entitlement to a block grant. The Act focused the new cash assistance program, TANF, on the short-term relief or need; assistance was limited to five years and states were allowed to impose stricter limits if they wished. Combined with the adoption of time limits and work requirements, the states were able to use their new authority to discourage families from applying for welfare and to raise barriers to their receiving benefits. In addition to pushing the states to require welfare recipients to work, the act identified a set of groups (unmarried teen mothers, drug felons, and immigrants) for even greater restrictions on their ability to qualify for assistance. The major “liberal” element in the law was a dramatic expansion in the size of the childcare and development block grant that provided a large increase in subsidized childcare for low-income families. The biggest omission was its failure to require states to offer educational and training opportunities to welfare recipients. It was reauthorized in 2005 to include two major changes: First, in line with the Bush administration’s efforts to politicize the debate over family life, the new bill included funding for marriage promotion efforts; Second, the bill tightened the work requirements governing state plans to compel states to place more welfare recipients into work programs. TANF did not serve enough people, and only reduced the cost of public assistance |
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Term
| • Earned Income yax credit |
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Definition
| Part of Clinton’s Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act that increased both the size of the tax credit and the number of families who were eligible for a wage subsidy for low-income workers with kids. |
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Term
| • Health care reform 1990s vs. 2010 |
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Definition
1990’s: The Health Security Act bill never had business support so never came to a vote in Congress. In the face of congressional inaction, the private sector undertook its own form of “health care reform”: Exclusion of pre-existing conditions, routine denial of expensive treatment, and the frantic effort to get people out of hospitals faster reignited the demands for reform as the decade came to a close. “Patient’s Bill of Rights legislation that protected consumers from some of the more overt abuses of managed care industry was passed by Senate in 2001. More Medicaid recipients found themselves pushed into managed care plans. The decline in welfare rolls after welfare reform reduced the number of working-age Americans on Medicaid. Those who left the welfare rolls were supposed to have access to transitional medical coverage, but many states failed to inform former recipients of this right. The passage of a national children’s health insurance program (CHIP) in 1997 added many new kids to the rolls, but much of this increase was canceled out by the number of kids losing Medicaid coverage as a result of welfare reform. The elderly were vulnerable to changes in health policy. In 1997 a bill was signed into law to require insurers to provide parity between coverage for physical and behavioral health. Still, insurers were able to use managed care as a means of restricting patients’ access to these services.
o 2010: Bill was repealed with Republican victories in 2010 elections, but there was a final reconciliation bill. Not much info in the book except for back and forth between democrats and republicans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Established Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) and promised “no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or Government because of race, creed, color, or national origin” |
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