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Poli Sci Final
What it sounds like
66
Political Studies
12th Grade
06/01/2011

Additional Political Studies Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Foreign policy defined
Definition
a country’s national interest pursued abroad (a set of objectives that the country has outside its borders)
Term
Foreign policy five objectives
Definition
Preserving the Country’s Sovereignty; Preserving the System of Government; Preserving the Ideology; Maintaining Physical Security; Maintaining Economic Security
Term
Preserving the Country’s Sovereignty
Definition
successful due to geographical separation from Europe and Asia, powerful military in 20th and 21st centuries, and observance of international law
Term
Preserving the System of Government
Definition
in WWII Japan was forced to change to republican form of government, due to failed foreign policy
Term
Preserving the Ideology
Definition
foreign policy designed to present ideology in a positive light and to persuade others that the country’s ideology is superior to others
Term
Maintaining Physical Security
Definition

Israel dependent on physical security, defense by western democracies; Switzerland survives without significant military presence; Costa Rica maintains security without army;

bilateral/multilateral treaties to reduce nuclear arms; Bush supports US right to preemptive strikes

Term
Maintaining Economic Security
Definition
embargoes, tariffs, quotas, free trade, most favored nation trade status, loans, grants; the European Union and North American Free Trade Agreement; global interdependence has increased cooperation
Term
Foreign policy five tools
Definition
Diplomacy; Economics; Propaganda; The Military; International Terrorism
Term
Diplomacy
Definition
used to collect intelligence and negotiate agreements without war, gain other point of view
Term
Economics
Definition
tariffs, developing new industries/products/technologies, securing raw materials, expanding exports, attempts to damage rival economy, exclusive trade, foreign aid to buy friendship
Term
Propaganda
Definition
US broadcast radio about life in noncommunist countries in Cuba, US subversion (negatively publicizing an enemy) of China’s mistreatment of citizens
Term
The Military
Definition
war to end danger or expand, targeted warfare (Middle East/Kosovo), surrogate warfare (using someone else’s army or rebels, guerillas, freedom fighters) is safer and cheaper, balance of power, peace dividends (reduction of military expenditures), US military expenditures less than 20% of total budget, US is largest arms merchant
Term
International Terrorism
Definition
terrorism from above (by state on people, as in many dictatorships), from below (by private citizens, ends up in news)
Term
Foreign policy patterns
Definition

Isolationism; Neutrality; Diplomatic and Judicial Accommodation; Social, Economic, and Cultural Cooperation; Balance of Power; Collective Security; Conflict

 

Term
Congress versus the President: Legislative Authority
Definition
Congress
Term
Congress versus the President: Executive Authority
Definition
President
Term
Congress versus the President: Make Laws
Definition
Congress
Term
Congress versus the President: Command armed forces
Definition
President
Term
Congress versus the President: Declare war
Definition
Congress
Term
Congress versus the President: Negotiate treaties
Definition
President
Term
Congress versus the President: Appropriate money
Definition
Congress
Term
Congress versus the President: Appoint diplomats and cabinet members
Definition
President
Term
Congress versus the President: Call out the militia
Definition
Congress
Term
Congress versus the President: Recognize other governments
Definition
President
Term
Congress versus the President: Raise and maintain armed forces
Definition
Congress
Term
discretionary funds
Definition
Congress passed laws allowing the chief executive to spend “discretionary funds”, money appropriated by Congress for the president to spend for unforeseen needs in the national interest [kennedy -peace corps. johnson- vietnam 1 bil]. 
Term
Black budget
Definition
Part of defense budget, what the money is spent on is ultra secret only a few congressional leaders have notion as to content.
Term
Earners
Definition
Age 18 to 64 (working population), starting to increase in terms of percentage.
Term
Spenders
Definition
(65 and older- Social security and pensioners), retirees living on social security, they spend money and pay more than their fair share in state sales taxes. Problem is over one million seniors have left the state.
Term
Users
Definition

(Mostly under 18 - Receive public services: education, child care, human services, and public health care), Huge growth within this group largely due to increased birthrates among immigrants

Problem with current trends is they drive up state and local spending, while at the same time reducing the revenue generated by state income taxes and sales taxes.

 

Term
the four taxes
Definition
State Personal Income Taxes; State Sales Taxes; Bank and Corporation Income Taxes; Motor Vehicle Taxes
Term
State Personal Income Taxes
Definition

State Franchise Tax Board collects taxes

9.3% highest tax rate for state, and income taxes are indexed (re-adjusted for inflation)

Term
State Sales Taxes
Definition

State Board of Equalization is the state agency that collects sales taxes from businesses and in turn consumers.

Sales tax can be increased by county by up to .75%.

Term
Bank and Corporation Income Taxes
Definition
Corporation income taxes taxed 9.1%, so CA receives 46.%% of its revenue from income taxes.
Term
Motor Vehicle Taxes
Definition

Motor vehicle fees are a must for the state with most cars, Gray Davis increased fees 300% but this was repealed after he was recalled.

 

Regressive tax makes the poor pay more, progressive tax makes the rich pay more.

Term
state spending costs
Definition
Education: K-12; Health and Human Services; Higher Education (University/State University/Community College); Prisons, Youth Authority
Term
Education: K-12
Definition

Education represents 41.5% of the state budget (Proposition 98 made at least 40% necessary),

School district controlled by local board elected by members.

State provides 85% of all educational costs per district. Costs $10,325 a year to educate a child in the K-12 public school system.

 

Term
Health and Human Services
Definition
Public health care continues to decline as population increases. CA has 12.3% of US population but must support 16% of the nations health and human services recipients.
Term
Higher Education (University/State University/Community College)
Definition

Recent increase of 30% forces students to pay more.

$6,780 Cal resident, $17,820 non resident for UC.

CSU $3,370/8,460

Term
Prisons, Youth Authority
Definition
162,700 men and women in CA prisons, $43,100 yearly cost to house a prisoner.
Term
Earmarketing
Definition
Earmarked funds are those that have been committed and budgeted ahead of time to accomplish a certain purpose.
Term
Bond variations
Definition

A bond is a debt, a loan in increments of $1,000, made to the state of California, which will be repaid by the state to the owner of the bond on a certain date usually in 20 years.

General Obligation Bond is secured by everything the state owns.

Revenue Bond is backed up only by the revenue gathered by that project.

Term
Business Exodus
Definition
Businesses are beginning to leave CA such as Nissan to avoid new taxes and other expenses, current high taxes, as well as “anti-business legislation's.”
Term
4th Amendment
Definition
Warrants are needed to search the person and his or her properties.
Term
5th Amendment
Definition
No person shall be held to answer for a capital or infamous crime unless on an indictment of a grand jury.
Term
6th Amendment
Definition
Right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury
Term
8th Amendment
Definition
Excessive bails or fines will not be imposed nor cruel and unusual punishment
Term
The incident: all the mistakes defendant made to get stopped by police
Definition

Your car was careening recklessly about the street; You were observed by the officers reaching beneath the seat; Additionally, the officers noticed that you reached into the glove compartment and placed something in your mouth. You might be hiding or destroying the evidence.

Term
Exclusionary rule
Definition
Any substance or material seized due to a search that is unconstitutional (meaning there is no probably cause) will not be admissible in court.
Term
Fruits of the poisonous-tree rule
Definition
evidence traceable to an illegal search, seizure, arrest, or interrogation is inadmissible.
Term
Miranda Rights
Definition

You have the right to remain silent; Anything you say can and will be used against you in court; You have the right to be represent by an attorney; If you cannot appoint an attorney, one will be appointed for you by the court to represent you free of charge; Do you understand your rights

Term
Arrest
Definition
Handcuff, read Miranda rights, and then transport back to police station at the back of the police car.
Term
Impoundment
Definition
vehicle can be impounded if there is reasonable suspicion that you harbor contraband.
Term
Line Up
Definition
no right to refuse but you do have the right to have a lawyer. At a lineup , you are expected to say certain lines or be identified by a witness if you a re the culprit or not.
Term
Plea Bargain
Definition
pleads guilty and your charge got reduced. This is a bargain and it might not worked.
Term
Habeas Corpus
Definition
directs the state to bring you before the court for a review of the legality of your detention
Term
Bail
Definition
money that pays to temporarily set you free until court trial.
Term
Arraignment
Definition
Must appear in court, where you will be informed of the charges against you and you will be asked to enter for a plea.
Term
Preliminary Hearing
Definition
preliminary examination of the state’s evidence in felony cases.  Brought before a judge to determine if there is probably cause to believe a crime was committed by the defendant and whether the evidence justifies binding him/her over for a trial.
Term
Five trial rights
Definition
Presumption of Innocence; Right to Counsel; Right not to testify; Right of Confrontation; Right to Subpoena Witnesses
Term
Presumption of Innocence
Definition
State must prove your guilt with proof beyond a reasonable doubt, you do not need to prove your innocence.
Term
Right to Counsel
Definition
Right to a to be represented by an attorney at your trial, guaranteed by sixth amendment.
Term
Right not to testify
Definition
Protected against self-incrimination, do not need to stand trial or testify.
Term
Right of Confrontation
Definition
You are not required to take the stand, but those accusing you must.
Term
Right to Subpoena Witnesses
Definition
A court issues an order compelling an individual to testify at trial.
Term
Double jeopardy
Definition
The fifth amendment of the constitution protects citizens against double jeopardy. In other words, you are forever immune from prosecution by the state for this incident. You cannot be trialed twice for the same reason.
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