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| goods, such as clean air and water that everyone must share |
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| process by which we choose our gov't leaders and the authoritative decisions made about public issues |
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| all of the activities used by citizebs o influence that selection of political leaders of the policies they pursue. Voting is the most common, not the only means of political participation in a democracy. Other means are protest and civil disobedience |
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| narrow interests, tend to dislike compromise and oftern draw membership from ppl new to politics. this distinguishes them from traditional interest groups |
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| process through which policy comes into being and evolves over time. People's interests, problems, and concerns createe political issues for government policymakers. these issues shape policy, which in turn implacts ppl, generating more interests, problems and concerns |
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| political channels through which ppls concerns become political issues on the policy agenda. (elections, political parties, interest groups and the media) |
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| issues that attract the serious attention of public officials and other ppl actually involved in politics at the time |
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| issues that arise when ppl disagree about a problem and how to fix it |
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| policy makeing institutions |
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| branches of govt charged w/ taking action on political issues. The US constitution established three policymaking institutions- congress, the presidency and the courts. Beauracracy is so powerful today that some poli sci's consider it a fourth |
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| choice that govt makes in response to a political issues |
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| effects policy has on ppl and problems. impacts are analyzed to see how well a policy has met its goal and at what cost |
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| system of selecting policy makers and of organizing govt so that policy represents and responds to the public's preferences |
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| fundamental principle of traditional democratic theory. choosing among alternatives requires that the majority's desire is respected |
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| guarentees rights to those who do not belong to a majority, and allows that they migth join the majority through persuasion and reasoned arguement |
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| describes the relationship btwn the few leaders and the many followers |
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| politics is mainly a competition among groups, each one pressing for its own preferred policies |
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| societies are divided along a class line and an upperclass elite will rule, regaurdless of the formal niceties of governmental organization |
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| groups are so strong that govt is weakened. Hyperpluralism is an extreme, exhaggerated, or perverted form of pluralism |
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| condition that occurs when no coalition is strong enough to form a majority and established policy. |
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| overall set of values widely shared w/in a society |
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| the sum total of all the goods and services produced in a nation |
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| Currently there are how many elected officials in the US? |
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| Most PS consider what to be the fourth policy making institution |
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| document approved by representatives of the American colonies in 1776 that stated thier grievances against the british monarch and declared their independence |
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| rights inherent in human beings, not dependent on governments, which include life, liberty and property. |
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| the idea that government derives its authority by sanction of the ppl |
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| idea that certain restrictions should be placed on govt to protect natural rights of citizens |
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| articles of the confederation |
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| first constitution of the US adopted by congress in 1777 and enacted in 1781. Articles est. a national legislature, the continental congress, but most authority rested w. the state legislatures |
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| series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of farmers led by revolutionary war captain |
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| series of attack on courthouses by a samll band of farmers led by revolutionary war capt. Daniel Shay's to block foreclosure preceedings |
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| interest groups arising from the unequal distribution of property or wealth that James Madison attacked in Federalist ppr 10 |
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| Proposal at the constitutional convention that called for equal representation of each state in congress regaurdless of the state's population |
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| called for representation of each state in congress in proportion to that state's share of the US population |
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| compromise reached at the constitutional convention that established two houses of congress: house of rep. in which representation is based on a state's share of the US population,. and the senate, in which each state has 2 representatives |
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| a court order requiring jailers to explain to a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody |
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| feature of the Constitution that requires each of the 3 branches of govt- executive, legislative and judicial- to be relatively independent of the ohers so that one cannot control the others. Shared pwr |
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| Features of the constitution that limit government's power by requiring that power be balanced among the fifferent govt. institutions |
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| form of govt in whish the ppl select representatives to govern them and make laws |
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| supporters of the US constitution at the time the states were contemplating its adoption |
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| opponents of the american constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption |
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| collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the constitution in detail |
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| first 10 ammendments to the constitution |
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| the 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshal and his associates 1st asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the US Constitution. The decision est. the courts power of judicial review over acts of Congress |
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| PWR of the courts to determine whether acts of congress and by implication, the executive are in accord w/ the US constitution. |
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| a way of organizing a nation so that 2 or more levels of govt have formal authority over the same land and ppl |
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| a way of organizing a nation so that all pwr resides in the central govt. |
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| intergovernmental relations |
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| the workings of the federal system the entire set of interactions among national, state and local govts |
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| makes the constitution, national laws and treaties supreme over state law |
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| the pwrs not delegated to the US by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states repectively, or to the ppl |
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| est the supremacy of the national govt over the state govt |
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| pwrs of he federal govt that are specifically addressed in the constitution; for congress, these pwrs are listed in Article 1, Section 8, and include the power to coin money, regulate its value and impse taxes |
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| pwrs of the federal govt that go beyond those enumerated in the constitution. |
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| final paragraph of article 1, section 8 of the constitution that authorizes congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" tp carry out the enumerated pwrs |
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| gave congress the pwr to regulate interstate commerce, encompassing virtually every form of commercial activity |
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| a clause in the constitution requiring every state to recognize the official documents and civil judgements redered by the courts of other states |
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| system of govt in which both the states and the national govt remain supreme w/im their own spheres, each responsible for some policies |
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| pwrs and policy assignments are shared btwn states and the national govt. they may also share costs, admin |
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| transferring responsibility for policies from the federal govt to state and local govts |
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| pattern of spending, taxing and providing grants in the fed. system it is the conrer stone of the national govt relations w/ state and local govts |
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| fed grants that can be used only for specific purposes, or categories of state and local spending. |
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