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Definition
struggle over the allocation(distribution) of benefits and privileges; the goods that society has to deliver, who are the winners and losers going to be
-Example of benefits and privileges:
• Back in the stone age: food, clothing, shelter (cave) ←which cave is closest to the water
• NOW(modern society): oil, health care |
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| institution responsible for resolving conflicts over the allocation (distribution) of benefits and privileges; different kinds of governments are going to produce different types of winners and losers |
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| power of a government to enforce its decisions and compel (enforce) obedience; enforce rules |
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| popular acceptance of the right of the government to exercise authority |
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-authority, NO legitimacy
-type of political system
-government has UNLIMITED power
-government controls distribution of benefits and privileges
-rights are GIVEN by government, so they can be TAKEN AWAY by government
ex: North Korea |
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-authority AND legitimacy
-type of political system
-government is limited
-government does NOT determine who the winners and losers are |
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| 3 principles of Democracy |
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Definition
1. popular sovereignty
2. political equality
3. political liberty |
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| people are in charge to a degree |
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| how do we achieve popular sovereignty? |
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Definition
1. Universal suffrage - everyone can vote
2. Government leaders are elected - (but Supreme Court, Cabinet,and Bureaucratic Agencies are appointed)
3. Elections are 3 F's (Free, Fair, and Frequent)
4. People participate in political process
5. High quality information is available - unbiased, unmediated
6. Majority Rules (but Supreme Court doesn't care about majority, bureaucratic agencies don't care, presidential elections are done by electoral college) |
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| freedom to participate in processes that communicate political preference; joining associations that articulate preferences |
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| 3 economic systems and who owns the means of production in each? |
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1. communism - the workers
2. socialism - government
3. capitalism - private individuals |
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-workers own the means of production
-blending political system with economic system |
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-Government owns the means of production (matter of degree)
-USA has elements of Socialism: schools, police, post office |
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-private individuals own the means of production
-free-market
-government should not interfere |
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system of beliefs and values about the proper order of society and the proper role of government
-Liberal and Conservative |
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Definition
-believe people are selfish
-proper role of government: ACTIVE
-proper order of society: EGALITARIAN
-role of tradition: NON-REVERENTIAL
-economic policy: more money you make, more money is taxed
-social policy: favor change in social order |
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Definition
-proper role of government: LIMITED
-proper order of society: non-egalitarian; talent, creative, hard-working is not equally distributed in society, so those who are better should have more stuff
-role of tradition: REVERENTIAL; provides stability |
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Term
| 3 types of political systems (and their distribution of power) |
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Definition
1. Unitary: National > State
2. Federalist: National > or = state
3. Confederation: State > National |
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| Structure of Articles of Confederation |
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Definition
Weak Executive Branch: no independent source of authority
Weak Judicial Branch: power in state courts
Weak Legislative Branch |
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Term
| Article of Confederation: Explain the weak Legislative Branch |
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Definition
-members of national Congress were appointed and paid by their respective state governments
-each state had 1 vote in Congress
-needed 9 out of 13 to pass legislation
-any state could block constitutional change (unanimous approval from all states to change articles of confederation)
-states sent representatives to negotiate trade agreements with foreign nations
-New Hampshire made its own Navy
-no power to provide national defense and establish the basis for a general economy b/c it prohibited Congress from interfering in the states' commerce policies-caused trade wars
-it denied Congress the power to tax (couldn't build navy or army) |
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Term
| 3 problems with Articles of Confederation |
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Definition
1. Week federal government
*Shay’s Rebellion – growing hostility toward wealthy; Congress was weak, Army was weak
2. Bad economy - could not enforce tax or regulate commerce
3. Connection to state not nation |
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| Federalists vs. Anti-federalist: FEDERALIST SIDE |
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Definition
Constitution supporters
-James Madison and Alexander Hamilton
-restrictions on new constitution would endanger neither the states nor personal liberty
-separation of national institutions would empower and restrict federal government |
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| Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist: ANTI-FEDERALIST SIDE |
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Definition
| opponents to the constitution 1. federal gov would be too powerful and threaten the SELF-GOVERNMENT of the STATES and the LIBERTY of the PEOPLE 2. wanted a Bill of Rights 3. thought "President" would lead to a monarchy 4. thought constitution was a tool for wealthy to rule over less-privileged 5. didn't want to pay national taxes in addition to state taxes |
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| Myth of the Three-Fifths Compromise |
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Definition
| For purposes of apportionment of taxes and seats in the House of Rep, blacks were counted at 3/5 a person for population counts. Northern states did not want them to be counted, Southern states wanted them to be counted for reasons of apportioning House seats (increasing their number of southern representatives) |
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Term
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Definition
-2 chamber Congress
-Lower house (H.O.R) would be PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION depending on size <--appeal to large states
-Upper house (Senate) 2 reps, elected by state legislatures<--appeal to small states |
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| Why did small states like the way the President was elected? |
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Term
| enumerated powers (give examples) |
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Definition
given to national legislature (CONGRESS) only
*expressed powers
EXAMPLES: Raise an army, regulate commerce, coin money |
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Term
| implied powers (give examples) |
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Definition
-authority given to national government to take action that is not expressly authorized by the Constitution but necessary to carry out enumerated powers
-"Necessary and Proper Clause", elastic clause
EXAMPLES: creating a national bank (McCullock v. Maryland) |
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Term
| reserved powers (give examples) |
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Definition
powers not given to the national government or prohibited to the states are to be the states powers under the constitution
-10th Amendment
-EX: intrastate commerce, police and fire department, |
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Term
| limitations to the states |
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Definition
| -LIMITATIONS: the Supremacy Clause - any conflict between a LEGITIMATE ACTION (acting in an area that is appropriate for them/falls under their responsibilities) of the national gov. and a state will be resolved in favor of the national gov. |
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Hamilton wanted to establish a national bank, but Maryland imposed a tax on its citizens to take the bank out of business. McCulloch didn't pay the tax.
1. implied powers *it was reasonable that the national government, with power to tax, borrow money, and regulate commerce, could establish a bank 2. supremacy clause *national law prevailed over a conflicting state law (Maryland put a tax on the banks operations within their borders and Mcculloch didnt pay it) it could protect the bank from any actions by the states that might destroy it. |
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| shared (concurrent) powers |
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Definition
Powers that are held by both the state and national governments
ex: taxation, making roads, borrowing money, helping the environment |
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| Limitations on National Government |
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Definition
| Regulating commerce: Congress must treat all states the same |
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Term
| meaning and significance of the Supremacy clause as it relates to FEDERALISM? |
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Definition
Federalism: a governmental system in which powers are divided between the states and national level
Supremacy Clause - any conflict between a LEGITIMATE ACTION (acting in an area that is appropriate for them/falls under their responsibilities) of the national gov. and a state will be resolved in favor of the national gov. |
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Term
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Definition
-Because there are different levels of power, (local, state, national), for people who want to be involved in national politics, they can get training
Ex: groups that were previously excluded have better ability to get higher office
-Policy laboratories:
*They can see which state’s policies work better and use that one
-Local government better to address local needs
-Makes CHANGE very difficult:
*Harder to pass bad policies
*Groups won't keep reversing policies when they are in power
*Gives stability |
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Term
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Definition
-Lack of accountability
Ex: people play blame game for everything
-LACK OF NATIONAL STANDARDS
Ex: makes it difficult to have business between states ---inefficient
-Very hard to Change |
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Term
| how do on-going disputes about federalism effect current political issues? |
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Definition
Gay Marriage: allowed in some states, not others. there is an on-going dispute about whether or not same-sex marriages are legitimate in other states.
-The "Full Faith and Credit" CLAUSE states...States must respect the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of other states |
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Definition
Whether individual members of differing GROUPS are treated equally by government
*equality regardless of race, gender, ethnicity, age, sex preference |
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individual rights that are protected from infringement by government
*keeps gov from preventing expression of political preference |
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| CONGRESS can’t help or hurt any religion/individuals from practicing their religion/speak freely, but STATES still can |
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| Explain why the Bill of Rights originally only limited the federal government. |
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Definition
-the framers wanted the states to have more control
-the effect was that the Bill of Rights had limited meaning to the lives of ordinary Americans because state and local governments carry out most of the activities |
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Term
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Definition
The process by which the courts have applied portions of the Bill of Rights to the states
EX: Gitlow v New York - 1st Amendment
*did this case-by-case (not all at once) |
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| Government must be neutral to all religions |
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| government cannot restrict religious practices |
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| Explain whether the courts have made it harder or easier to limit freedom of speech. |
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Definition
| HARDER because of Brandenberg Case (IMMINENT LAWLESS ACTION) took over Schenk case (CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER) |
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| Explain when the Courts have permitted the government to limit individual liberties |
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Even if it places limits on freedom, it is important for COMPELLING INTERESTS
EX: Vaccinations (compelling interest=health)
EX:Schenk v. US (clear and present danger)
EX: Brandenberg (imminent lawless action) |
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Definition
-Plaintiff encouraged people to oppose the draft
-Government can limit speech when it poses a "CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER" |
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-Plaintiff advocates overthrow of government
-States are bound by
FIRST Amendment (free speech)
*example of SELECTIVE INCORPORATION |
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-Plaintiff (KKK member) calls for march on Washington
-States have a COMPELLING INTEREST when speech can lead to IMMINENT LAWLESS ACTION ← replaced “clear and present danger”
*makes it harder to restrict speech |
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-Flag desecration as freedom of expression
-SCOTUS ruling: symbolic speech (State had NO COMPELLING INTEREST) |
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| How have the rights to the accused changed over time? WARREN COURT |
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Definition
-EXPANDED rights to accused
-(1953-1969)
-Mapp v. Ohio: Exclusionary rule
*Exclusionary Rule: Police cannot use evidence gained during unreasonable search or seizure
-Gideon v. Wainwright
•Right to court appointed attorney
-Miranda v. Arizona
*Right to remain silent, consult an attorney |
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Definition
Exclusionary rule:
Police cannot use evidence gained during unreasonable search or seizure |
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Term
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Definition
| right to COURT APPOINTED attorney |
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Definition
| Right to remain SILENT and consult an attorney |
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| How have the rights to the accused changed over time? BURGER COURT |
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Definition
-Restricted rights to accused
-(69-86)
-US v. Leon: “Good faith” exception
*Evidence allowed IF search warrant appeared to be valid
-Nix v. Williams (1984): “Inevitable discovery”
*Evidence allowed IF it would have been discovered eventually. |
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"good faith" exception:
-evidence is allowed if search warrant appeared to be VALID |
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| "INEVITABLE DISCOVERY": evidence allowed if it would have been discovered eventually |
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Term
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small state plan
-one state, one vote |
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large-state plan
-proportional representation based on population size |
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Money granted for SPECIFIC purpose
Ex: stem cell research |
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Definition
-Money granted for GENERAL purpose
Ex: medical research |
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(IN HEAD) An enduring tendency to respond in a positive or negative way towards something
Ex:
•Non-political Attitude: scared of big dogs
•Political Attitude: don’t like raising taxes; if you have a strong view toward abortion |
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Term
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Definition
(COME OUT OF OUR MOUTH - WE CAN OBSERVE) IMPERFECT indicator of underlying, unobserved attitudes
-Ex:
•Non-political Opinion: jumping into arms when a big dog walks
•Political Opinion:
***Individuals posses multiple conflicting attitudes about same topic
•Ex: hate big dogs, loves little dogs |
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Term
| What is the process that takes place when people answer survey questions, according to the memory-based information processing model? |
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Definition
1. We don’t search for long (1 second to answer)
2. We take a random sample of our attitudes
*OVERsample attitudes from the “top of their head”-easily accessible
3. Opinion determined by attitudes sampled |
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| Thinking in terms of the RAS model, which group is more likely to be affected by exposure to media: univalents and ambivalents? Explain. |
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Definition
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Term
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R(recieve) - only info that can EFFECT our opinion is info we RECEIVE
A(accept or reject) - if accepted, stored in memory
S(sample) |
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Term
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Definition
-Attitudes and opinions are CONSISTENT
*Accept information: confirms what they already believe
*Reject (counter-argue) information: that challenges what I believe
-RANDOM process still produces CONSISTENT opinions |
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Term
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Definition
-Attitudes and opinions are INCONSISTENT
*Accept information: take everything in
*Reject (counter-argue) information: THEY DON'T COUNTER-ARGUE
-RANDOM process produces INCONSISTENT |
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Term
| What does the confidence level in a poll estimate? |
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Definition
| THE LEVEL OF CERTAINTY TO WHICH AN ESTIMATE CAN BE TRUSTED |
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| The probability that an estimate falls within a specific range |
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| + or - half of the confidence interval |
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| The "Full Faith and Credit" Clause |
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Definition
| States must respect the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of other states |
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| "Privileges and Immunities" clause |
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Definition
| protects citizens right to… travel through states, access state courts, purchase and hold property, equal tax rates as state residents |
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| Court cases about the Free-Exercise Clause |
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Definition
| 1972: Amish families (kids work at a young age) did not have to abide by the law that made children attend school until they were 16 |
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| Court Cases about the Establishment Clause |
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-conflict between free-exercise and establishment clause (makes it seem like they give religions preferred treatment)
*Louisiana: Supreme Court did not allow Creationism to be taught in school along with theory of Evolution<-violated the establishment clause |
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