favoritism, by a governor or other elected official, in distributing gov. monies or other resources that solely benefits constituents of a politician in return for their political support.

i.e. funding a highway

the ways that a representative "stands for" the represented.

i.e. George Hansen served 12 yrs. and was thought as pretty crappy; people had a connection w him; heroic- flew to Iran, comic books

in most states, most of the legislation is voted on in the last weeks of the session, impossible to read and vote. 

Legislatures don't know enough about each bill so they find someone who knows and thinks similarly.

a book that discusses how the gov. has changed over the years. 

from "baby kissing" politicians to boring, more competent governors. 

Vanna-White veto

(Wisconsin veto)

the governor's formal power to veto part of the bill and leave the other part to become a law.

i.e. reduction line & vanna-white veto

Eldridge Gerry

drew lines for districts in his favor.

You may draw districts to favor one group or another but the districts have to be equal or almost equal in number. 

1. moralistic political culture > traditionalistic
2. states w/ competitive political parties
3. same-day registration or no requirements
4. ease of voting (absentee, early, mail-in)
5. level of education
6. West Coast effect

• the president/governor may monitor and control the state/federal spending to make sure it's not unnecessary spending.
• hope that the legislature will act more responsibly.

• the legislature will not act responsibly. 
• we will not get less pork barrel spending, the gov. will get all power and spend $ however they please.
• gov. could potentially use the $ to get rid of policy bills.

• complexity of society- a) when ppl live closer together, they don't get along. gov. becomes more involved w/ regulating interaction.
• complexity of legislation- leads to "puff ball"; someone writes policy for legislation, they pass the bill & wait for bureaucrats to figure out how to apply the law.
• fiscal federalism- hire more ppl to complete grant projects, write applications for grants, hire more ppl to show gov. $ was spent on said projects.

• merit-based civil service
• testing-rule of 3
• hierarchy 
• specialization
• job security
• adherence to rules

• governors have become more prominent; 25% lose re-election bids
• easy to find better qualified candidate
• re-election tied to state economy; governors will be blamed for bad economy.
• hard to please an entire state

• specialization
• courtesy
• apprenticeship/seniority
• reciprocity

• multi-member districts
• campaign costs
• higher turnover
• regular citizens may run for legislature

• more professional/powerful
• "good-time Charlie"
• increase in tenure potential and budget power
• more veto power

characteristics of bureaucracy:

Merit Based Civil Service

• spoils system was demolished (Garfield); states were slower to eliminate patronage
• moralistic states moved most quickly

characteristics of bureaucracy:

Testing-rule of 3

• must meet qualifications of job, resumes, but could be other job related characteristics that don't appear on paper applications (personality), need interviews/situation

characteristics of bureaucracy:

Hierarchy

• "can I talk to your supervisor?"
• work your way up & talk to dean or so-and-so
• as a consumer of bureaucracy, you can make a chart of who you  need to talk to to next to get what you need.

characteristics of bureaucracy:

Specialization

• can't drop a class after deadline, but can withdraw.. isn't my job talk to Sue. She specializes.
• Jimmy Carter smells mouse poop, calls so and so.
• problems- boring, vacation, what if they quit?

characteristics of bureaucracy:

Job Security

• after 6 months, it's hard to fire you unless you mess up bad.
• they want you to know the job and learn everything.
• professors have tenure
• problems- w/ tenure professors may not care as much

Legislative Norms:

Specialization

• it's expected that you will become an expert in some area of policy
• more important in the house than senate- more members representing smaller areas.

Legislative Norms:

Courtesy

• certain forms of addressing one another
• purpose- ppl deal w/ issues day-to-day, ppl will disagree
• respect for the legislative body itself
• loyalty

Legislative Norms:

Apprenticeship/Seniority

• watch how things are done and work your way up the chain of seniority
• longer terms- more seniority/power

Legislative Norms:

Reciprocity

• formal way "scratch my back & I'll scratch yours"
• vote for my edu. bill and I'll vote for your health bill
• i.e. North Dakota & North Carolina

How legislature has changed over the years:

Multi-Member Districts

• WV uses more than almost every other state, but less than it once did.

How legislature has changed over the years:

Cost for Campaign

• highest in CA ($2mil)
• WV is average cost ($200,000)

How legislature has changed over the years:

Turnover

• higher turnover now
• related to resources, prestige, and staffing.

How legislature has changed over the years:

Reg. Citizens running for legislator

• not a career for them
• they participate for the good of the state

How the role of governor has changed:

"Good-time Charlie"

• changed from this to new-school Lawyer powerhouses who deal with real issues

How the role of governor has changed:

• found in Northeast
• MD, MA, WV, NY

How the role of governor has changed:

Increase in tenure & budget power

• a 4 yr. term & can be re-elected for a 2nd
• some states 3 or more
• most states in charge of state's budget

Gerrymandering:

Packing

• packing a certain district w/ certain # of members from a group to create monopolies in voting patterns.

Gerrymandering:

Protecting Incumbents

• protecting status quo of legislature

Gerrymandering:

Illegal

• racial gerrymandering: making lines to discriminate against races
• "pack" African Americans into a few districts so other districts would have barely any AA representation
• i.e. Georgia 1990 census had 1 AA house

individualistic

moralistic

traditionalistic

how did the following shift power to the national gov:

marbury vs. madison

chief justice Marshall established power of judicial review

-used to establish more power to the federal gov.

how the following shifter power to national gov:

mcculloch vs. maryland

diminished more power from the states and allows more in the hands of federal gov. 

stretched constitution and diminished 10th amend.

how the following shifted power to the national gov:

fiscal federalism