Zhou Enlai

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• the first Premier of the PRC and Foreign Minister
• 1898-1976
• Zhou was instrumental in the CCP's rise to power and subsequently in the PRC economy and the restructuring of Chinese society. 
• wanted peace with the West- involved in organizing Nixon's 1972 visit. 
• Largely able to survive the purges of the Cultural Revolution. 
• As Mao's health began to fail Zhou Enlai was involved in a struggle for power with the Gang of 4. However, Zhou died 8 months before Mao. 
• Helped to form the CCP Army, involved with the CCP since the 1920s. 
• Anti- Japanese in Yan'an 
• pushed for the implementation of the four modernizations. 
• Involved in economics, toned down Mao.

Peng Dehaui

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• Born in Hunan, from very humble beginnings 
• 1898-1974
• prominent military leader of the CCP
• Defense Minister (1954-1959) 
• Played an important role in Second Sino-Japanese War, Chinese Civil War and the Korean War 
• criticizes GLF, suffers greatly during CR 
• made the army less political- something that changed when Lin Bao took over. 
• spent 16 years under house arrest. 
• Died during Cr- beaten but eventually died of cancer. 

Gang of Four

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• consisting of Jiang Qing (Mao's wife), Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan, Wang Hongwen 
• Came to power during the CR (1966-1976)
• charged with treasonous crimes. 
• a counter-revolutionary force 
• brought down during a coup on October 6, 1976
• impossible to truly know what transpired. 
• Go to trial in 1981 

Anti-Rightist Campaign

• the reaction to the Hundred Flowers Campaign.
• it was estimated that 10% of the population were rightists- interpreted to mean that 10/100 people were rightists and had to be persecuted as such. 
• 1 million people jailed, sent to labour camps. Intellectuals silenced. 
• in the second wave of the movement (Summer 1959) Peng Dehuai is condemned
• Many of the convictions made here are revoked in 1979, after Mao's death. 

Hundred Flowers Campaign

• the period referring to a brief interlude in the PRC from 1956 to 1957 during which the CCP encouraged a variety of views and solutions to national policy issues. 
• "Letting hundreds of flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend is the policy for promoting progress in the arts and the sciences and a flourishing socialist culture in our land"- Slogan 
• Mao believed that this would be a chance to promote socialism as through discussion it would be apparent that socialist ideology was the dominant ideology over capitalism. 
• initially not much criticism, but in the spring of 1957 Mao asks for criticism. 
• From June 1- July 17- millions of criticisms mailed to the government
• rallies, posers, etc...
• non longer constituted as "healthy criticism", too many radical ideas being presented. 
• July 1957- calls a halt to the movement. 
• leads to a huge loss of individual rights. The persecution of intellectuals, officials, students, artists, and 'rightist' dissidents. 
• Leads to the Anti-Rightist movement
• Ultimately it is not clear if the Hundred Flowers Campaign was a deliberate tactic to smoke out rightists or whether Mao decided that it had gone too far. 

Danwei

• A work unit
• the name given to a place of employment in the PRC. The name is currently a bit dated, more used when the PRC's economy was more socialist, and the economy state run. 
• the best/ most used way of implementing state policy 
• bound to work unit for life 
• each danwei created their own housing, child care, schools, clinics, shops, services, post offices, etc... 
• grants permission to travel, marry, have children
• greatly hurt when private enterprises and MNCs come to China. The best workers are "cherrypicked" the others are not, and cannot be laid off. Therefore the government had to create incentives for people to stay with their Danwei. 

Iron Rice-Bowl

• A term used to refer to an occupation with guaranteed job security, as well as steady income and benefits 
• military personnel, civil service, emplyes of SOEs 
• When Deng Xiaoping begins reforms in 1980s people with jobs that used to be considered iron-rice bowls were laid off. 
• almost overnight 1/3 of China's work force was unemployed. 
• you work hard for the country, but you expect to be taken care of from the cradle to the grave. 

Communes

• a part of early land reforms
• 1958- communes are created with full collectivization without individual choice in the matter (everyone had to be a part of)
• highest of three administrative levels in rural China from 1958- 1982/5
• each consisted of approx 4000-5000 households, although they could have more or less. 
• created for efficiency and control (to get people to sell their produce to the state, based on meeting quotas) 
• in communes everything was shared. No need for private anything (ie- even kitchens, furniture, cooking utensils, livestock) 
• communal daycare/ elderly care 
• leads to widespread famine when production plans are mismanaged, in conjunction with environmental factors such as drought. 
• In the Second Land Reform, they are completely dismantled. This process begins with experiments in Shichuan in 1977, all are abolished by 1988. 
• return to household farming, not private farming. 
• communes become townships 

Township and Village Enterprises (TVEs) 

• an early engine of China's growth 
• the real source of economic growth in the countryside, but even nationally in the 1980s: the heart of China's economic success in Phase 1
• over 20 million TVEs by the end of the 1980s. 100 million people are employed by them 
• driven by new incentives (reassignment of property rights), right to keep the profits, coupled with removal of village income (by handing control over harvest income to individuals. 

Hua Guofeng

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• 1921- 2008 
• Mao's designated successor of the CCP
• Replaces Zhou Enlai as the Premier of the PRC and replaced Mao as the Chairman 
• Ends the CR, gets rid of the Gang of Four, but unable to stay in power long. Doesn't deviate from Maoist thought, eventually Deng "outmaneuvers" him.
• rises from the lower ranks of the party (was stationed in Hunan) to become Chairman
• credited with quickly getting rid of the Ganf of Four 
• Soviet Style economic policies 
• Ousting significant because: 

1. demonstrated the unimportance of official titles in the CCP during the late 1970s and early 1980s- b/c despite being the official leader of the party, state, and army, his leadership was still challenged 
2. Set a precedent that leaders who were ousted would not be harmed/ jailed unlike during the CR and the Gang of Four. 

Lin Biao

• 1907-1971
• military leader who was instrumental in the communist victory in the Chinese Civil War 
• refrained from entering politics until the CR
• died in a plane crash over Mongolia 
• the other counter revolutionary party in the CR (next to the Gang of Four)
• Helped turn Mao into a cult personality. 
• privately had very little interest in Mao's policies
• thought to have died after attempting a coup or that Mao had become uncomfortable with how much power Lin had. 

Liu Shaoqi

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• 1898-1969 
• a revolutionary, statesman and theorist 
• Chairman of the PRC (head of state from April 1959-1968) 
• implemented policies of economic reconstruction 
• fell from favour in the late 1960s during the CR due to his 'right-wing' views 
• died under 'harsh treatment', but later rehabilitated by Deng 
• in 1961 was said to be Mao's successor 
• Soviet Style- favoured heavy industry 

Zhoa Ziyang 

• 1919-2005
• Premier of the PRC (1980-1987) 
• replaces Hua Guofeng
• General Secretary (1987-1989) 
• leading reformer- market reforms 
• increased production, decrease bloated bureaucracy and fight corruption 
• felt China should separate state from party 
• purged by socialists b/c was sympathetic to Tiananmen Square protesters (1989) 
• spent last 15 years of his life under house arrest 
• increase SEZs, advocated reduction of state control.

De-collectivization

• in Chinese economic reform, de-collectivization of agriculture came first
• this raises production (and expectations 
• however, it also made peasants less dependent on the local government --> leads to problems 
• less likely to shut up when they do not like a policy (having to hand over so much of their produce, birth control and its enforcement, collection of taxes/ fees for schools/ roads, etc...) 
• see growing rural discontent 

Special Economic Zones (SEZs) 

• a key experiment in the 1980s to slowly begin interface with the world economy 
• Targeting first overseas Chinese (ie- Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan)
• Enclaves with special boarders, given rights to deregulate and experiment 
• magnets to attract FDI and build export bases 
• magnets for internal migrants 
• become a worldwide model for economic reform- ie- Beijing Consensus (have been copied by numerous other countries) 
• First SEZ allowed in Guangdong in 1980, more allowed throughout the 80s and 90s 
• a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than the rest of the country's 
• Include: 

1. tax incentives for foreign investments 
2. great independence on international trade activities 
3. etc....

Wen Jiabao 

• born 1942
• Premier of the State Council of the PRC 
• geologist by education
• key part of the 4th generation 
• a political 'survivor'- mentored by Zhao Ziyang and Jiang Zemin
• wants to revitalize agriculture, environment 
• Involved in political inaction over SARS 
• Gains popularity dealing with Sichuan earthquake
• Shoed in Cambridge 

Great Democracy Wall 

• a long brick wall in Beijing which became the focus for democratic dissent beginning in Dec. 1978 
• initially meant to criticize the gang of four and later the failed policies of Deng 
• leads to political crackdown 

Sun Yat-sen 

• 1866/1870- 1925 
• Revolutionary, instrumental in overthrowing the Qing Dynasty in 1911 
• spent much of his life in exile 
• influenced by American ideologues like Lincoln 
• socialist/ nationalist 
• planned the Northern Expedition 
• Three Principles of the People- Democracy, Nationalism and the People's Livelihood 
• His death leads to an intense power struggle in the GMD, leads to a break up between the GMD and the CCP
• Known as the father of the Nation 

Zhu De

• 1886-1976 
• considered to be the founder of the Chinese Red Army (the forerunner of the PLA) 
• close to Mao in the late 1920s, during the long march 
• involved in the Korean War 
• dismissed at the beginning of the CR however, Zhou Enlai's support kept him from physical harm and imprisonment 

Four Modernizations

• the goals of Deng's reforms 
• Agriculture, Industry, Technology, Defense
• have the goal of making China into an economic power 
• 1972- Zhou Enlai's 4 Modernizations 

Hukou System 

• refers to the system of residency where household registration is required by law in the PRC 
• identifies a person or a resident of an area, by name, age, DOB, names of parents, name of spouse 
• broadly categorizes people as 'rural' or 'urban' in an attempt to limit the amount of immigration to the urban centres
• a form of social welfare 
• 1953-1976- a round up of those without valid residence permits. 

Land Reform 

• a third wave of land reform came in the late 1970s which gave individual families the right to leases on land 
• done in an attempt to increase productivity 

Household Responsibility System 

• first adopted in agriculture in 1981 and later extended to other parts of the economy. 
• holds local managers responsible for the profits and losses of the enterprise 
• partially replaced the egalitarian distribution method whereby the state assumed all profits and losses 

Hu Yaobang 

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• 1915-1989 
• famous for supporting capitalist and political reform in China
• forced to resign in 1987 for being too liberal
• Humiliated with self-criticism 
• was the General Secretary of the Communist Party, but Deng called most of the shots 
• forced to resign because hardliners did not like his stand on student demonstrations in 1986

Hong Kong Handover 

• the transfer of Hong Kong from the UK to the PRC 
• July 1, 1997 
• leading up issues of where people would live (many immigrated to the UK, Singapore, etc...), what sort of political system the country would have.