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| citizenship, due process of law, and equal protection of the laws |
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| Right to vote no matter race, age, or previous condition of servitude |
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| Solidified Desegregation (made segregation illegal) |
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| outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the U.S. |
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| slaves counted as 3/5 of a person for population purposes for the House |
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| prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures |
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| Adarand Constructors v. Pena |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| the first 'Constitution' approved during the 2nd Continental Congress. Was a weak document |
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| Bill of Rights restrict the national government, not the states |
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| 2 legislative bodies (House and Senate) |
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| A legislative act that singles out an individual or group for punishment without a trial. |
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| 1st 10 amendments to the constitution |
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| Brown v. Board of Education |
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| separate but equal is not constitutional |
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| the states and national government are cooperating partners |
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| common planning and decision making |
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| a system in which policy represents and responds to the public's preferences |
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| a form of democracy where the true interests of the citizens is determined by a small group |
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| a form of democracy where everyone participates in policy making |
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| District of Columbia v. Heller |
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| right to possess a firearm for self defense within the home |
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| Prevents you from being tried twice over the same crime (unless there is a mistrial) |
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| slaves were not citizens and could not sue...said missouri compromise was unconstitutional |
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| the two levels of government are functionally separate with states having their sphere of influence |
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| The advocacy or existence of an elite as a dominating element in a system or society. |
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| prayer in public schools violates the establishment clause |
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| campaign propaganda to get the states to ratify the new constitution |
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| the right to counsel (6th amendment) must be given to indigent defendants in non-capital cases |
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| 1st amendment protection of speech first incorporated into states |
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| The system by which a nation, state, or community is governed |
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| each state is represented in the House of Reps. according to population size. In the Senate, each sate is represented by 2 Senators |
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| reaffirmed death penalty as constitutional |
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| universities cannot establish racial quotas in attempt of diversity |
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| saying that administering a reading test to vote was discriminatory and violated the 15th amendment |
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| Strong national government, energetic president, implied powers for Congress |
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| A state in which many groups or factions are so strong that a government is unable to function. |
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| an idea where the government steps back acts only if absolutely necessary |
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| aid to church related schools must have secular legislative purpose, neither advance nor inhibit religion, and must not foster an excessive government entanglement with religion |
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| Dispersion of Power...checks and balances, separation of powers, federalism |
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| when people get together against a minority |
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| The Supreme Court has the authority to review acts of Congress and determine whether they are unconstitutional and therefore void |
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| gave Congress broad powers because the Constitution is up to interpretation |
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| You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to an attorney. If you cannot afford one, one will be appointed for you. |
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| set guidelines for police questioning of accused persons must be used to protect them against self incrimination and to protect their rights to counsel |
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| prevented slavery from expanding....regulating slavery in western territories |
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| Mobilization of Political Activity |
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| citizens believe they can mobilize and have a practical effect on policy outcomes where there are smaller units of governments and many elected officials |
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| State sovereignty with national government having limited powers |
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| the 1st amendment protects newspapers from prior restraint |
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| a political philosophy of devolution, that is, the transfer of certain powers from the federal government back to the states |
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| a bargain between the prosecution and defense for a defendant to plead guilty to a lesser crime |
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| A condition or system in which two or more states, etc., coexist. |
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| where each interest uses its influence to thwart policies it opposes so that no coalition forms a majority to establish policy |
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| Political culture is the traditional orientation of the citizens of a nation toward politics |
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| Who gets what, when, and how |
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| a form of democracy in which the people elect officials to make decisions that pertain to their interests |
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| a form of government in which sovereign power resides in the people mainly through their elected officials |
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| obscene speech/photos/etc. are limited to appropriate audiences |
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| supremacy of the law that restricts the discretionary power of public officials |
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| speech is limited if it presents a clear and present danger (you can't yell FIRE..) |
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| more about races and voting |
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| An agreement among the members of an organized society or between the governed and the government defining and limiting the rights and duties of each |
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| coined by Locke; in favor of a government that realizes we are naturally born free |
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| states may not interfere with the functioning of the federal government and that federal law prevails over an inconsistent state law. |
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| Traditional Democratic Theory |
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equality of voting
effective participation
enlightened understanding
citizen control of the agenda
inclusion |
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| popular sovereignty with national government having broad powers; strong government |
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| Weaknesses of the Articles of the Federation Include |
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| no executive or judicial branch, no power to tax, no regulation over commerce, had no way to change/amend the document |
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| if you commit a crime before it was a crime, you cannot be convicted |
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