Term
| What are the non-tangible aspects of power? |
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Definition
| Efficiency of gov't (resources into military power) & Resolve |
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Term
| What are the instruments of influence used by states? |
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Definition
| Compellence & Deterrence. Diplomacy, Bargaining (2 Types), Economic Influence, Military Coercion |
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Term
| When are economic sanctions more likely to be effective? |
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Definition
| If the country to be sanctioned will suffer high costs due to the sanction. |
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Term
| What are the three models of foreign policy? What are the problems with each? |
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Definition
| Rational Model: assumes leader is presented with a comprehensive list of options and consequences. Issues: Unrealistic. STO Model: leaders have an instruction manual they can follow based on past experiences. Issues: Inflexible. Bureaucratic/Gov't Politics Model: reps from departments/agencies in gov't seek to promote their own department, and influence leader to pursue foreign policy that does such. Issues: Incoherent foreign policy occurs due to whoever has the most influence at the time. |
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Term
| What are some issues that arise in small group decision-making? |
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Definition
| Illusion of invulnerability, unquestioned belief in own morality, stereotyped view of opponent's leadership. |
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Term
| How do individual level factors affect foreign policy? |
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Definition
| Historical experience, personal bias, beliefs and health can all lead to misperceptions/affect one's decisons |
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Term
| When can a war be considered just? |
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Definition
Realism: war is always just. Consequentialism: the ends justify the means in just war.
Pacifism: war is never just.
Jus ad bellum: only just cause is self defense. Preemptive war yes, preventive war, no. Must be declared publicly by a legit source (legit authority shifting to int'l level).
Jus in bellum: int'l laws of proper combat. Discrimination: Don't hurt civilians, POWs must be uniformed soldiers, torture is not acceptable. Proportionality: a just cause must be achieved by just means |
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Term
| What are the sources of international law? |
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Definition
International treaties: agreements between countries, made domestic law in own countries
International Customs: traditions that countries have continuously done over time, no formal agreement |
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Term
| What are human rights? Why is sovereignty important for human rights? |
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Definition
A set of rights that all individuals are privilege to.
Communitarianism: States get rights to sovereignty by virtue of being representatives of political communities.
Cosmopolitanism: states receive the right to sovereignty by ensuring the safety & welfare of their citizens. Human rights undermines sovereignty by saying it is conditional.
Jus cogens: constraining law, binding on all states. Human rights violations are non-justifiable and warrant intervention |
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Term
| What are tariffs? What is theory of comparative advantage? |
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Definition
Tariffs: taxes on foreign goods. Theory of Comparative Advantage: tariffs should be eliminated, and countries should specialize in an export and import all else they don't need. Supported by liberalism.
Mercantilism: countries should not import, should be self-sufficient.
Economic nationalism is a form of protectionism |
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Term
| Which groups will support protectionism in Hecksher-Olin model of trade? In the Ricardo-Viner model? |
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Definition
H-O Model: 3 Factors of Production=Land, Labor, & Capital. Owners of scarce FOP will support protectionism.
R-V Model: Individuals involved with a particular industry that is scarce will support protectionism. Ex) Owners & Workers of a steel mill. In this instance, Capital & Labor have the same interest |
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Term
| What are the different kinds of interdependence? |
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Definition
Sensitivity: how quickly and great changes in one country affect another.
Vulnerability: the costs imposed on one country by changes in another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Began as the ECSC during the Cold War as a way to unify western Europe. Grew into EEC, a customs union in which tariffs were eliminated among members and a common tariff was imposed on outside countries. EU increased integration of Europe with the advent of the Euro and fluidity among borders |
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Term
| How do countries control monetary policy? |
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Definition
Countries control monetary policy through raising/lowering interest rates, buying/selling gov't bonds, & controlling exchange rate (printing money)
Fixed: commitment to keeping a currency at a certain level. Advantages=stability & predictability (good for investors) Drawbacks=cannot change monetary policy to control inflation.
Floating: changes according to supply & demand. Advantages=more flexible. Drawbacks=less predictable |
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Term
| Who benefits from a weak exchange rate? |
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Definition
| Producers benefit because their products will be more competitive. Countries that want to export have an interest in keeping their currency weak. Hurts consumers: tourism becomes expensive, and they can buy less with their money |
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Term
| How are exchange rate controls related to the Greek debt crisis? |
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Definition
| When Greece adopted the euro, it committed itself to a fixed exchange rate. Now it cannot change monetary policy or print money to pay off its debts, because that would have an adverse affect on the rest of Europe. |
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Term
| What are the main EU institutions? |
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Definition
Council of Ministers: composed of ministers from member states. Main decision-making authority.
European Commission: proposes legislation & implements policy (led by President & 27 commissioners). Loyalty is to the EU over states.
European Parliament: more democratic, limited role, does not pass legislation, promotes cooperation. |
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Term
| How do economic activities contribute to future political institutions? |
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Definition
| Level of inequality in a country affects political institutions that will develop. Ex) Poorer countries rich in resources are easily dominated by a few leaders, which inhibits the development of democracies. In the U.S., small family farmers cooperated which led to development of democracy. |
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Term
| What are the two main models of development? |
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Definition
Import Substitution Industrialization Model: in order to develop, countries must protect their domestic industries from foreign competition and become self-sufficient. Issues: without competition, industries produce poor quality products and will never be able to export.
Export Oriented Industrialization Model: Developing countries should focus on getting the comparative advantage in a product to export. This is encouraged for countries with weak currencies |
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Term
| What are some international factors that make development more difficult? |
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Definition
World System Theory: world divided into center & periphery, and inequality is a continuation of the colonialism of the past.
Less developed countries produce raw materials, which they sell cheaply and pay more for what they buy. Rich countries' policies can hurt LDCs, for example, they may engage in protectionism against them. |
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Term
| What is a collective action problem? How is it related to environmental regulation? |
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Definition
Collective action problem: actors have incentive to cooperate but each acts in anticipation that others will pay the costs. They want to benefit from collective good without paying/ they want to free ride.
Relation to environmental regulation: everyone wants the benefits of clean air but no one wants to pay the costs/make the sacrifices for it.
Kyoto Protocol attempted to limit incentives for free riding by providing incentives to contribute. |
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