disciplined, compact, verbal utterance that deals with aspects of both internal and external reality in a meaningful way

*has both literal and figurative language

** examples: Robert Frost "The Pasture" and William Wordsworth's "My heart leaps up"

a voice/character that represents the speaker in a literary work

*The character and the poet are not the same

*The persona is not always a person

**example: "I heard a fly buzz when I died" by Emily Dickinson

a focused, nonliteral language that explains one concept by referencing another

**examples: "Spilt Milk" by William Butler

"The Sick Rose" by William Blake

(basically) the awareness of rhythm/interpretation of a poem's musicality

*"Musicality is poetry's bottom line"

**Examples: "Break of Day" by John Donne

opposite, dissassociation to something (as opposed to a reference, like a metaphor)

**Example: Women's Constancy (I forgot who it's by)

not a substantive issue but a technical one; comprises of three major components: 

1) Continuity

2) Consistency 

3) Appropriateness

**Examples: "Cherry Ripe" by Robert Herrick

"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" by Robert Frost

Exactness is greater than correctness (diction)

**Example: "The window" by Candice Ward

the meaning is difficult to ascertain

**Example: "The Tiger" by William Blake

QUICK QUESTION: 

what are the different types of rhyme?

End rhyme - the ending words of two lines rhyme

Internal rhyme - two words within the same line

Slant rhyme - two words are placed in the position to appear as rhyming, but have imperfect ending matches (example: eyes-light; years-yours)

when repetition becomes a repeated feature

(just think of what a "refrain" is in a song and you'll get the idea)

a literary device that stimulates ideas, associations, and references

*the reader must be familiar with the allusion's meaning in order to fully grasp the deeper message in the poem

a sound is used to communicate the sense that its meaning touches upon

**example: pop, boom, splash, thunder, batter (as in "to batter")

a 2-line form, usually rhyming AA 

*the length may vary, but generally stays the same (a heroic couplet needs to have uniform length)

basic 4-line form with rhyme scheme of ABAB, ABCB, ABBA, or none at all

*4-5 metrical feet

**"Holy Thursday" by William Blake

QUICK QUESTION:

what are the two main types of sonnet, and what are their rhyme schemes?

Petrarchan - ABBAABBACDCDCD

English (Spenserian/Shakespearean) - 3 quatrains and 1 couplet: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG

a five-line form written in anapestic feet (lines 1, 2, and 5 have three metrical ft; lines 3 and 4 have 2 metrical ft) with rhyme scheme AABBA

*almost all are humorous and bawdy

doesn't follow traditional form

**"Like they Say" by Robert Creeley

the meaning runs over the whole poem and spills over onto different lines 

*this technique is used to slow people down when they read in order to create a sense of consciousness

a form in which shape and visual effects are more important than abstract ideas

**"Silencio" by Eugen Gomringer

one stressed (') syllable and up to four surrounding unstressed (~) syllables

*the same syllable for the same word can be stressed/unstressed twice to create the proper count

sounds unstressed, stressed, unstressed, stressed

duh-DUM, duh-DUM

sounds stressed, unstressed, stressed, unstressed

DUM-duh, DUM-duh

sounds unstressed, unstressed, stressed, unstressed, unstressed, stressed

duh-duh-DUM, duh-duh-DUM

sounds stressed, unstressed, unstressed, stressed

DUM-duh-duh, DUM-duh-duh

QUICK QUESTION:

what are the different amounts of metrical feet?

monometer (1)

dimeter (2)

trimeter (3)

tetrameter (4) *

pentameter (5) *

hexameter

septameter

octameter...

*4 and 5 are the most commonly used