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| the dictionary meaning or meanings of the word |
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| what it suggests beyond what it expresses; overtones the meaning; can be from past history and associations |
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| restate in different language, so as to make its prose sense as plain as possible; may be longer or shorter |
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| the representation through language of sense experience |
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| saying something other than the ordinary way; way of saying one thing and meaning another |
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| language using figures of speech; cannot be taken literally |
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| comparison is expressed by the use of some word or phrase ex. like, as, than, similar to, resembles, or seems |
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| comparison that is not expressed using like or as |
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| gives human attributes to an animal, an object, or a concept |
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| consists in addressing someone absent or dead or something nonhuman as if that person or thing were present or alive and could reply to what is being said |
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| the use of the part for the whole |
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| the use of something closely related for the thing actually meant; ex. "those guns will fire" actually means "the police will fire their guns" |
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| something that means more than what it is; meaning that can suggest a great variety of specific meanings |
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| narrative or description that has a second meaning beneath the surface |
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| apparent contradiction that is nevertheless somehow true; may be a situation or statement |
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| also known as a hyperbole; exaggeration |
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| saying less than one means |
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| has meanings that extend beyond its use merely as a figure of speech; pretense of ignorance |
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| saying the opposite of what one means; is often confused with sarcasm and with satire |
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| simply bitter or cutting speech, intended to wound the feelings |
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| usually applied to written literature rather than to speech and ordinarily implying a higher motive; it is ridicule (bitter or gentle) of human folly or vice |
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| illuminates character;incongruity between a situation developed in a drama and the accompanying words or actions that is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play |
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| discrepancy exists between the actual circumstances and those that would seem appropriate or between what one anticipates and what actually comes to pass |
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