Term
| What is the most common nutritional deficiency of children? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what age groups of children is iron deficiency the highest? |
|
Definition
| Infancy (9th to 24th month) and adolescence. |
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of iron deficiency in children? |
|
Definition
| Hemmorrhage, inability to absorb iron received, excessive growth requirements, inadequate diet |
|
|
Term
| What are some manifestations of iron deficiency in children? |
|
Definition
| Pallor, Irritability, Anorexia, Decrease in activity, Infants may be overweight due to excessive milk consumption |
|
|
Term
| What blood tests are done for Iron deficiency in children? |
|
Definition
| RBC count, HGB and metatocrit, morphological cell changes, Iron concentrations, stool may be tested for occult blood. |
|
|
Term
| Does untreated iron deficiant anemia progress slowly or quickly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can severe cases of iron deficiency in children cause? |
|
Definition
| The heart muscle will become too week to function. |
|
|
Term
| What are children with long-standing anemia at risk for? |
|
Definition
| Growth retardation and cognitive changes. |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for iron deficiency in children? |
|
Definition
| Iron supplements, usually ferrous sulfate, orally 2 to 3 times a day, do not give with milk. Also Vitamin C aids in absorption. |
|
|
Term
| What is Thrombocytopenia? |
|
Definition
| An acquired platelet disorder that occurs in childhood. Platelets become coated with antiplatelet antibody, seen as "foreign" and are eventually destroyed by the spleen. |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of Thrombocytopenia? |
|
Definition
| It is unknown but is thought to be an autoimmune system reaction to a virus. |
|
|
Term
| In what age group of children does Thrombocytopenia occur most often? |
|
Definition
| It occurs in all age groups with the main incidence between 2 and 4 years of age. |
|
|
Term
| What is the classic symptom of Thrombocytopenia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What signs can be observed in a patient with Thrombocytopenia? |
|
Definition
| Easy bruising, petechiae and purpura. |
|
|
Term
| What diseases might a child who develops Thrombocytopenia have recently had? |
|
Definition
| Rubella, Rubeola, or viral respiratory infection. |
|
|
Term
| What is the interval between exposure and onset of Thrombocytopenia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal platelet count in a child? |
|
Definition
| Between 150,000 and 400,000/mm3 |
|
|
Term
| What would a childs platelet count be if he/she had Thrombocytopenia? |
|
Definition
| Below 20,000/mm3 (normal is between 150,000 and 400,000/mm3) |
|
|
Term
| How is the diagnosis of Thrombocytopenia confirmed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a child with extremely low platelet counts at risk for? |
|
Definition
| Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage. |
|
|
Term
| What is a priority of care for a child with Thrombocytopenia? |
|
Definition
| Neurological assessments. |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of thrombocytopenia? |
|
Definition
| There is none, but in chronic cases a splenectomy may be required. |
|
|
Term
| What drugs should be avoided with a child who has Thrombocytopenia? |
|
Definition
| Aspirin, Phenylbutazone, Phenacetin, Caffeine. |
|
|
Term
| Why are platelets not given to treat a child with Thrombocytopenia? |
|
Definition
| The platelets will be destroyed in the disease process. |
|
|
Term
| True or False. A child with Thrombocytopenia should have limited activity during acute states. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some complications of Thrombocytopenia? |
|
Definition
| Bleeding fromt he GI tract and Intracranial hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| What are some preventions for Thrombocytopenia? |
|
Definition
| Immunizing all children against the viral diseased of childhood. |
|
|
Term
| What are some s/s to monitor for when a blood transfusion has been given to a child with Thrombocytopenia? |
|
Definition
| Hemolytic reactions that are caused by mismatched blood are rare but should be monitored for. Things to monitor are chills, itching, rash, fever, headache, and pain the back. |
|
|
Term
| What are some things go remember in regards to blood transfusion? |
|
Definition
| Blood is slowly infused through a blood fliter to avoid impurities, medications are never added to blood, monitor for signs of reaction. |
|
|
Term
| What should be done if a reaction to a blood infusion occurs? |
|
Definition
| Stop imfusion immediately, normal saline line is immediately opened, the RN, MD and hospital blood bank are notified. |
|
|
Term
| What are the s/s of circulatory overload when during a blood transfusion? |
|
Definition
| Dyspnea, precordial pain, rales, cyanosis, dry cough, and distended neck veins. |
|
|
Term
| What is Sickle Cell Anemia? |
|
Definition
| An inherited defect in the formation of hemoglobin. Their crescent shape makes it difficult for them to pass through the capillaries, causing a pileup of cells in the small vessels. |
|
|
Term
| What can trigger clumping of sickle cells? |
|
Definition
| Decreased blood oxygen levels due to dehydration, infection, physical or emotional stress, and exposure to cold. |
|
|
Term
| What condition can Sickle Cell Anemia lead to? |
|
Definition
| Thrombosis. It can also cause Hemosiderosis (iron deposits into body organs). |
|
|
Term
| True or False. Sickle Cell Anemia is asymptomatic if inherited from only one parent? |
|
Definition
| True. In this case it is only a Sickle Cell trait. Symptoms only arise in patients who inherit it from both parents. |
|
|
Term
| True or False: The blood of a patient with Sickle Cell Anemia contains only Sickle Cells (HGB S) |
|
Definition
| False. It contains a misture of HGB A and HGB S |
|
|
Term
| When a child has a Sickle Cell Anemia when will symptoms manifest initially? |
|
Definition
| Typically during the last part of the first year of life. |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Sickle Cell Anemia? |
|
Definition
| Unusual swelling of the fingers and toes, paleness, tires easily, has little appitite. |
|
|
Term
| What causes symptoms in Sickle Cell Anemia? |
|
Definition
| Enlarging bone marrow sites that impair circulation to the bone and the abnormal sickle cell shape that causes clumping, obstruction in the vessels and ischemia to the organ the vessel supplies. |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Sickle Cell crisis is typically painless and rarely fatal. |
|
Definition
| False. Severe sickle cell crisis is very painful and can lead to death. |
|
|
Term
| What are s/s of Sickle Cell Crisis? |
|
Definition
Severe abdominal pain, muscle, spasms, leg pain, or painful swollen joints.
Fever, vomiting, hematuria, convulsions, stiff neck, coma, or paralysis can result. |
|
|
Term
| What is a patient with vaso-occlusive sickle cell crisis at risk for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the types of Sickle Cell crisis. |
|
Definition
| Vaso-occlusive (very painful), Splenic sequestration, Aplastic crisis, Hyperhemolytic |
|
|
Term
| What will the nurse anticipate about the child's needs for during sickle cell crisis? |
|
Definition
| Tissue oxygenation, hydration, rest, protection from infection, pain control, blood transfusion, emotional support. |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of Nautropenia? |
|
Definition
| Abnormally low number of a type of white blood cell called neutrophil. When absolute granulocyte counts fall below 100 cells/mm3 |
|
|
Term
| What is the ANC for mild neutropenia? |
|
Definition
1000 to 1500
(minimal risk of infection) |
|
|
Term
| What is the ANC range for moderate neutropenia? |
|
Definition
500 to 1000
(moderate risk of infection) |
|
|
Term
| What is the ANC rang for severe neutropenia? |
|
Definition
<500
(severe risk for infection) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tracheoesophageal Fistula (Esophageal Atresia). Failure of the tissues of the GI tract to separate properly in prenatal life. |
|
|
Term
| What are the different types of TEF? |
|
Definition
Upper and lower esophagus (from stomach) end in a blind pouch.
Upper esophagus ends in a blind pouch; lower esophagus (from stomach) connects to the trachea.
Upper esophagus is attached to trachea; lower esophagus (from stomach) also attached to the trachea.
Upper esophagus connects tot he trachea; lower esophagus (from stomach) ends in a blind pouch. |
|
|
Term
| What is the earlest sign of TEF? |
|
Definition
| Earliest sign is when mother develops polyhydramnios. |
|
|
Term
| What will the first feeding of a baby with TEF that ends in a blind pouch? |
|
Definition
| Fetus cannot swallow amniotic fluid and it will accumulate. At birth, the infant will vmit and choke when the first feeding is introduced. Possible aspiration. |
|
|
Term
| With TEF what may be presant at birht and is related to atresia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would the first feeding of a child with TEF where the upper esophagus enters the trachea be like? |
|
Definition
| The feeding will enter the tracea and result in coughing, choking, cyanosis, apnea, and possible aspiration. |
|
|
Term
| What would the first feeding with a child with TEF where the lower esophagus enters the trachea be like? |
|
Definition
| Air will enter the stomach each time infant breathes, causing abdominal distention. |
|
|
Term
| What are some nursing prevention goals associated with TEF? |
|
Definition
| Prevent pneumonia, choking, apnea and aspiration in the newborn. |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Surgical repair for TEF is essential for survival. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is pyloric stenosis? |
|
Definition
| An obtruction of the lower end of the stomach caused by an overgrowth of the circular muscles of the pylorus or by spasms of the sphincter. It is commonly classified as a congenital anomaly. |
|
|
Term
| When do symptoms of Pyloric Stenosis usually appear? |
|
Definition
| Not until the infant us 2 or 3 weeks old |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common surgical condition of the GI tract in infancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which gender is Pyloric Stenosis more common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List manifestations of Pyloric Stenosis. |
|
Definition
| Projectile vomiting is an outstanding symptom from force of pressure being exerted ont he pylorus. Vomitus contains mucus and ingested milk. The infant will be constantly hungry and will eat again immediately after vomiting. Dehydration. An olive-shaped mass may be felt in upper rgith quadrant of the abdomen. |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Pyloric Stenosis? |
|
Definition
| Surgery is called pyloromyotomy. |
|
|
Term
| What is the preoperative nursing care for a child with Pyloric Stenosis? |
|
Definition
| Intravenous fluids to treat or prevent dehydration. Thickened feedings may be given by a teaspoon or through a nipple with a large hole. Infant is burped before and during feedings to remove any gas accumulated in the stomach. Infant is placed on right side after feeding to facilitate stomach drainage into the intestines. Fowler's position is preferred. If infant vomits, the nurse is instructed to refeed the infant. |
|
|
Term
| What is the postoperative nursing care for a child with Pyloric Stenosis? |
|
Definition
| Monitor intravenous fluids, provide feedings as prescribed by surgeon, document intake and output, monitor surgical site. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stools are watery and expelled with force (explosive). May be yellowish green. |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of dehydration due to diarrhea? |
|
Definition
| Infant may be listless, refuses to eat, loses weight, temp may be elevated. Sunken eyes and fontanel, dry skin, tongue and mucous membranes, urination is less frequent. In severe cases the excessive loss of bicarbonate from the GI tract results in acidosis. |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment and nursing care of an infant with diarrhea? |
|
Definition
| Intestine is rested by reducing intake of solid foods. Pedialyte preferred with a gradual introduction of a soft, bland diet. Clear fluids, fruit juice (without palp), gelatin, and carbonated drinks. (Caffeinated beverages act as a diuretic and worsen dehydration and chicken broth is high in sodium and not advised) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A slipping of one part of the intestine into another part just below it. Often seen at the ileocecal valve. At first, intestinal obstruction occurs, but then strangulation of the bowel occurs with peristalsis. Affected portion may burst, leading to peritonitis. |
|
|
Term
| In what group of children does Intussesception most commonly occur? |
|
Definition
| In boys between 3 months and 6 years. Frequency decreases after age 36 months. |
|
|
Term
| What are signs and symptoms of Intussesception? |
|
Definition
| Child may have a fever as high as 106 F. As the problem progresses, the child may show signs of shock, sweating, weak pulses, shallow, grunting respirations, abdomen will be rigid in infants, severe pain in the abdomen, loud cries, straining efforts, and kicking or drawing the legs toward the abdoment. Vomit will be greet or greenish yellow fluid (bilious). Bowel movements will diminish, little flatus is passed. There may be blood or mucus passed with no feces abou 12 hours after the onset of the obstruction, called currant jelly stools. May feel a sausage-shaped mass in upper abdomen. |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of choice for Intussesception? |
|
Definition
| Barium enema is treatment of choice, with surgery if reduction does not occur. |
|
|
Term
| What should parents be taught to do immediately following the ingestion of a poison in an infant or child? |
|
Definition
| Take the child to the emergency room along with the product which the child ingested. |
|
|
Term
| If a child ingest a poison what would vomitus with a sweet odor indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a child ingest a poison what would vomitus with a bitter almond odor indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a child ingest a poison what would vomitus with a pear odor indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a child ingest a poison what would vomitus with a garlic odor indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a child ingest a poison what would vomitus with a shoe polish odor indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a child ingest a poison what would vomitus with a violet odor indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the nationwide phone number for the poison control center? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Ipecac syrup is no longer recommended as immediate treatment for poison ingestion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug is commonly given for some substances to treat poison ingestion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes lead poisoning? |
|
Definition
| When a child repeatedly ingests or obsorbs substances containing lead. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of lead poisoning in children? |
|
Definition
| Paint chips. Children who chew on window sills and stair rails ingest flakes of paint, putty, or crumbled plaster. |
|
|
Term
| True or False: The incidence of lead poisoning is higher in children living in inner city tenements. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe eating non-food items? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some problems caused by lead poisoning? |
|
Definition
| Can have a lasting effect on the CNS, especially the brain. Mental retardation occurs in severe cases of lead poisoning. |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Symptoms of lead poisoning are immediate upon ingestion or absorbtion. |
|
Definition
| False. Symptoms occur gradually. |
|
|
Term
| Where in the body does lead go when it is ingested or absorbed? |
|
Definition
| Settles in soft tissues and bones and is excreted in urine. |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs of lead poisoning in it's beginning stages? |
|
Definition
| Weakness, weight loss, anorexia, pallor, irritability, vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation. |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs of lead poisoning in it's later stages? |
|
Definition
| Anemia and nervous system involvement. |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary screening test for lead poisoning? |
|
Definition
| Blood lead levels because lead is toxic to the synthesis of heme in the blood and heme is necessary for HGB formation and functioning of renal tubules. X-ray films of bones may show further lead deposits. |
|
|
Term
| What might an child with lead poisoning have a history of? |
|
Definition
| Pica (eating non-food items) |
|
|
Term
| What is the prevention and treatment of lead poisoning? |
|
Definition
| Reducing concentration of lead in household |
|
|
Term
| What are two other names for Celiac disease? |
|
Definition
| Gluten enteropathy and Sprue |
|
|
Term
| What is the leading malabsorption problem in children? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes Celiac disease? |
|
Definition
| Thought to be caused from inherited disposition with environmental triggers. |
|
|
Term
| When do symptoms of Celiac disease become evident? |
|
Definition
| 6 months to 2 years of age. When foods containing gluten are introduced. Gluten foods are wheat, barley, oats, and rye. |
|
|
Term
| How does gluten cause celiac disease? |
|
Definition
| Repeated exposure to gluten damages the villi of intestines resulting in malabsorption. |
|
|
Term
| What is the characteristic profile of Celiac disease? |
|
Definition
| Abdominal distention with atrophy of the buttocks. |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of Celiac disease? |
|
Definition
| Infant presents with failure to thrive, infant is irritable, stools are large, bulk and frothy. |
|
|
Term
| How is Celiac disease diagnosis confirmed? |
|
Definition
| Serum immunoglobin A (IgA) and small bowel biopsy. |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Celiac disease? |
|
Definition
| Lifelong diet restriction in wheat, barley, oats, and rye. Detailed parent teaching is essential with dietitian. |
|
|
Term
| Define failure to thrive. |
|
Definition
| Failure to gain weight and often loss of weight. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
OFTT = Organic failure to thrive
NFTT = Non-organic failure to thrive |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between Organic Failure to Thrive and Non-Organic Failure to Thrive? |
|
Definition
| Organic is physical such as congenital heart of malabsorption syndrome and Non-Organic is environmental factors such as lack of parent-infant interaction or neglect. |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of Failure to Thrive? |
|
Definition
| Weight loss, irritability, disturbances of food intake, vomiting, diarrhea, and general neuromuscular spacticity. Some seem apathetic. Some appear stiff and unresponsive to cuddling. |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Children with Failure to Thrive, due to multiple factors, have disturbance in the mother-child relationship. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Infants with Failure to Thrive easily establish a sense of trust with the caregiver. |
|
Definition
| False. Infants with Failure to Thrive experience a disturbance in the mother-child relationship and therefore suffer from inability to establish a sense of trust in the caregiver. |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Infants with Failure to Thrive have coping difficulties. |
|
Definition
| True. Coping abilities are affected by lack of nurturing/bonding. |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Prevention of environmental Failure to Thrive consists of diet and activity. |
|
Definition
| False: Environmental Failure to Thrive is largely from neglect of mother-child bonding and nurturing and prevention should focus chiefly on social measures. |
|
|
Term
| What is the nursing care involved in environmental Failure to Thrive? |
|
Definition
| The nurse is vital in supporting rather than rejecting the mother. The nurse should encourage the mother to assist with daily care of the child. Point out developmental patterns and provide anticipatory guidance in this area. |
|
|
Term
| What are some problems child who fail to thive may encounter? |
|
Definition
| Emotional starvation, particularly in the early years, can be psychologically traumatic. Inadequacies in intellagence, language, and social behavior have been documented in children who fail to thrive. |
|
|
Term
| In what gender and age group are urinary tract infections most common in? |
|
Definition
| Girls ages 7-11 (due to shorter urethra and close proximity of the urethra to the anus) |
|
|
Term
| What percent of UTIs are due to E. coli bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of UTI? |
|
Definition
| Fever, fequent urination, foul smelling urine, pain with urination. |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of UTIs? |
|
Definition
| IV antibiotic in children < 1 year, PO antibiotic for older children. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to a number of different types of kidney conditions that are distinguished by the presence of marked amounts of protein in the urine, edema, and hypoalbuminemia. |
|
|
Term
| What age and gender does Nephrosis most commonly occur in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of Nephrosis? |
|
Definition
| Edema, weight gain, ascites, accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, irritability, listlessness, poor appetite. |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Nephrosis? |
|
Definition
| Minimizing edema, preventing infection, reducing the loss of protein in the urine, preventing toxicity from prescribed meds. |
|
|
Term
| What is the nursing care for Nephoris? |
|
Definition
| Support, positioning, monitor I&Os, weight checks, protection from infection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of kidney cancer that occurs in children. It's a common malignancy in early life. It usually only effects one kidney. |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of Wilm's tumor? |
|
Definition
| Abdominal mass is often felt by parent of physician during a routine check-up |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Wilm's Tumor? |
|
Definition
| Surgery, radiation therapy, chemo. |
|
|
Term
| What is the nursing care for a child with Wilm's |
|
Definition
| Avoid unnecessary handling/palpation of the abdomen since this can cause the tumor to spread. |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Undescended testicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Undescended testicles. One or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum. |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Cryptorchidism (undescended testicles)? |
|
Definition
| hCG administered prior to surgery (may precipitate the descent of the testes into the scrotal sac), surgery (orchiopexy). |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Cryptorchidism (undescended testicles) causes a higher infertility rate and increased incidence of testicular tumors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Acute Glomerulonephritis? |
|
Definition
| An allergic reaction to group A beta strep infection. |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of Acute Glomerulomephritis? |
|
Definition
| preiorbital edema in the am, smoky-brown or bloody urine, hypertension. |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Acute Glomerulonephritis? |
|
Definition
| Limited activity, dietary and fluid restrictions are necessary. |
|
|
Term
| What is the nursing care for a child with Acute Glomerulonephritis? |
|
Definition
| Support, prevention of infection and fatigue, maintain accurate I's & O's, frequent vital signs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of genetically hypersensitive skin. |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Eczema? |
|
Definition
| Aimed at relieving pruritis, hydrating te skin. For relieving inflammation and preventing infection corticosteroids are often administered systemically or locally. |
|
|
Term
| What constitutes a thermal burn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What constitutes a chemical burn? |
|
Definition
| Corrosive powder or liquid |
|
|
Term
| What constitutes an electrical burn? |
|
Definition
| Electrical current passing through the body. Radiation. X-ray or radioactive material. |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Treatment is the same for all types of burns. |
|
Definition
| False. Treatment depends on the type and severity of burn. |
|
|
Term
| What is the immediate nursing action for a severe burn? |
|
Definition
| Extablish airway (ABCs), call 911. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the appearence and treatment for a superficial burn. |
|
Definition
| Involves the epidermis only, skin red but blanches easily, painful. Immerse in cold water to halt burning, apply antimicrobial ointment. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the appearence and treatment for a second degree burn. |
|
Definition
| Partial thickness, involves the epidermis and dermis, blisters, moist and pink, painful. If a small area is burned treat as 1st degree burn, with a larger area treat as 3rd degree burn. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the appearence and treatment for a deep dermal burn. |
|
Definition
| Partial thickness, extended deep to the dermis, partial thickness that has potential to become full mottled, red, tan, dull white, blisters, painful. Immerse in cold water to halt burning, cover with sterile dressing, avoid breaking blisters. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the appearence and treatment for a third degree burn. |
|
Definition
| Full thickness subdermal, entire skin and all structures, touch leathery, dry, no blanching, dull brown or tan, black or pearly white, painless to the touch, death of tissue. Immerse in cold water to hult burning, roll in blanket or rug, wrap in clean sheet or sterile dressing, victim should lay down and be wrapped up, DON'T apply ointment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the skin that involves the sebaceous glands. A scaly, crust-like appearance ont he scalp and forehead. |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for cradle cap? |
|
Definition
| Shampoosing the hair on a regular basis and using a soft bristle brush. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also known as sarcoptes scabiei. This is a parasitic infection caused by the itch mite. |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for scabies? |
|
Definition
| Elimite application. Anyone that has been in close contact witht he patient must be treated. |
|
|
Term
| Otitis media in children is largly attributed to what? |
|
Definition
| The anatomy of the eustachian tube. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ear infection of he middle ear. Involvs the mastoid sinuses, middle ear and eustachian tube. |
|
|
Term
| What is the eustachian tubes purpose? |
|
Definition
| Protects the middle ear, provides drainage, equalizes air pressure. |
|
|
Term
| What causes otitis media? |
|
Definition
| Various microorganisms, such as streptococcal pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae. Infection of the throat can easily spread to the middle ear and mastoid. |
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Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of otitis media? |
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Definition
| Rubbing or pulling at the ear, rolling the head from side to side, hearing loss, loud speech, inattentive behavior, articulation problems, speech development problems. |
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Term
| What are the manifestations of otitis media? |
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Definition
| Tympanic membrane is reddened and bulging eardrum can rupture if an abscess forms. |
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Term
| What is the treatment for otitis media? |
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Definition
| Broad spectrum antibiotics, surgical intervention when conventional methods are not successful, some surgical treatments are myringotomy which is incision of the tympanic membrane to relieve pressure and tympanostomy which is a pressure equalizer known as "ear tubes", comfort measures, antipyretics to reduce fever, and warm compress. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduction in or loss of vision that usually occurs in children who strongly favor one eye. Known as "lazy eye" |
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Term
| What is the treatment for Amblyopia "lazy eye"? |
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Definition
| Glasses, opaque contact lens, or patching the good eye forces the weaker eye to be used. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sudden, intermittent episodes of acute loss of consciousness (ALOC) that last seconds to mintures and may include involuntary tonic and clonic movements |
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Term
| What are the causes of seizures in children? |
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Definition
| Intracranial epilepsy, congenital anomaly, birth injury, infection, trauma, degenerative disease, vascular disorder, toxic anesthetics, drugs, poinsons, extracranial fever, heart disease, metabolic disorders, hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, dehydration, and malnutrition. |
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Term
| What are the types of seizures? |
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Definition
Febrile, a rapid rise in temperature; usually in children between 6 months and 5 years. Epilepsy. Tonic-clonic or grand mal (most common), this has 3 phases including aura and the seizure itself. Postictal with lethargy, short period of sleep.
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Term
| What is the treatment for seizures? |
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Definition
| (Type, site and cause should first be determined.) CT/MRI, EEG, Lab tests to rule out poisonings or electrolyte abnormalities, drug of choice depends on the type of seizure, medications should be taken at the same time every day, do not stop taking drug suddenly as it can cause status epilepticus (proglonged seizures), diet changes may be needed in those who do not respond well to anitconvulsant medication, ketogenic diet which is high in fats and low in carbs produces ketoacidosis which appears to reduce convulsive episodes. |
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Term
| What is the nursing care of a patient with seizures? |
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Definition
| The nurse is responsible for maintaining seizure precautions for a child diagnosied with a seizure disorder, keep side rails up, pad all sharp or hard objects around the bed, make sure child wears medical ID bracelet, provide supervision during potentially hazardous play such as swimming, avoid triggering factors, teach the importance of compliance with the medication regime |
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Term
| List soft tissue injuries. |
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Definition
| Contusion, sprain, strain. |
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Term
| List prevention methods to avoid soft tissue injuries. |
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Definition
| Proper use of pedestrian safety, car seat restraints, bicycle helmets and other protective athletic gear, pool fences, window bars, deadbolt locks, locks on cabinet doors. |
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Term
| What does RICE stand for? |
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Definition
| Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation (30 minute intervals of cold pack and elastic wrap). This is the method for treating a soft tissue injury. Treatment should be immediate to limit damage from edema and bleeding. |
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Term
| Which gender is scoliosis more common in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of scoliosis? |
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Definition
| Functional-caused by poor posture and structural-caused by changes in the shape of the vertebrae or thorax. |
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Term
| True or False: Scoliosis is usually accompanied by rotation of the spine. |
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Definition
True
The hips and shoulders may appear to be uneven. |
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Term
| What is the treatment for scoliosis? |
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Definition
| It is aimed at correcting curvature and preventing severe scoliosis, curves up to 200 do not required treatment, curves 200 to 400 require the use of a brace, curves greater than 400 and patients in whom conservative therapy were not successful require hospitalization for spinal fusion. |
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Term
| True or False: Tonsillitis and Adenoiditis is cause by throat trauma. |
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Definition
False
It is part of the body's defense against infection. |
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Term
| What are symptoms of tonsillitis and adenoiditis? |
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Definition
| Difficulty swallowing and breathing. |
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Term
| What is the nursing care for a patient with tonsillitis and adenoiditis? |
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Definition
| provide cool mist vaporizer, salt water gargle, throat lozenges if age appropriate, cool liquid diet, acetaminophen |
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Term
| What is the treatment for tonsillitis and adenoiditis? |
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Definition
| Not recommended if under 3 years of age, tonsillectomy done only if persistent airway obstruction or difficulty in breathing occurs. |
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Term
| What does frequent swallowing mean for a patient that has had a tonsillectomy? |
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Definition
| May mean bleeding from the surgery site. Also, milk and milk products may coat the throat and cause the child to clear the throat which can cause further irritation to the operative site. |
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Term
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Definition
| A syndrome caused by increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree to various stimuli. |
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Term
| What is the leading cause of school absenteeism in children? |
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Definition
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