Term
| What is normal saline solution? |
|
Definition
| Isotonic solution, used to restore intravascular volume, replace extracellular fluid, and replace sodium losses. |
|
|
Term
| What kinds of assessment data does the nurse collect that relate to fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base problems? |
|
Definition
| I&Os, daily weights, lab values, vital signs, focuses assessments, identify high risk pts. |
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of Metabolic Acidosis? |
|
Definition
| diarrhea, renal failure, shock, salicylate overdose, diabetic ketoacidosis |
|
|
Term
| What are common causes of Metabolic Alkalosis? |
|
Definition
| vomiting, NG suctioning, excess sodium bicarb, hypokalemia. |
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of Resp. Acidosis? |
|
Definition
| sedatives, head trauma, aspiration, asthma, hypoxia, pneumonia. |
|
|
Term
| What are some common causes of Resp. Alkalosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Respiratory-Opposiste; Metabolic-Equal |
|
|
Term
| What is normal serum bicarbonete (HCO3) level? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What condition might occur as a result of hypercalcemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What condition can result from chronic calcium deficiency? |
|
Definition
| osteoporosis- bone mass is lost, risk for fractures |
|
|
Term
| What are classic signs of hypocalcemia? |
|
Definition
| Chvostek's sign and Trousseau's signs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| facial spasm when the facial nerve is tapped in front of the ear. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carpal spasm that occurs when blood flow to the lower arm is restricted. |
|
|
Term
| What is the best way to improve the taste of liquid supplements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of giving potassium sparing vs. potassium wasting diuretics to pts? |
|
Definition
| Both put pt at risk for electrolyte imbalance. |
|
|
Term
| Potassium sparing diuretics can cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Potassium wasting diuretics can cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hypokalemia and hyperkalemia put pts at risk for what? |
|
Definition
| dysrhythmias- They need to have lab values monitored regularly. |
|
|
Term
| What are EARLY s/sx of potassium imbalance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low sodium; s/s include: anorexia, headache, mental changes, hyperreflexia, muscle twitching, tremors, convulsions, coma. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high sodium; s/s include: thirst, restlessness, weakness, altered mental state, decreasing LOC, seizures, dry sticky mucous membranes, postural hypotension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low potassium; s/s include: dysrhythmias, ecg changes, anorexia, decreased bowel sounds, muscle weakness, leg cramps, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high potassium; s/s include: tall peaked T-waves, dysrhythmias, heart block, cardiac arrest, muscle weakness, paresthesis, flaccid paralysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low calcium; s/s include: tetany, paresthesias, muscle spasms, laryngospasm, CHVOSTEK sign and TROUSSEAUS sign, anxiety, confusion, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high calcium; s/s include: muscle weakness, confusion, impaired memory, bizarre behavior, psychosis, dysrhythmias, INCREASED BP, INCREASED URINE output |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low magnesium; s/s include: muscle weakness, tetany CHVOSTEK and TROUSSEAUS signs, dysphagia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high magnesium; s/s include: muscle weakness, vasodilation, facial flushing, sweating, DECREASED BP, cardiac arrest, bradycardia, |
|
|
Term
| What causes hyperKAlemia? |
|
Definition
| K+ >5 mEq/L; resulting from inadequate K+ excretion , excessive K+ intake. Impaired renal function is main cause. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| K+ < 3.5 ; resulting from excessive potassium loss, NPO for extended time, anorexia. K+ is lost thru kidneys or GI tract. Major causes: diuretics, antibiotics, corticosteroids, vomiting, diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| hyperNAtremia is caused by? |
|
Definition
| > 145. Excessive fluid loss or inadequate intake. Hot, dry skin, excessive thirst. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NA < 135; "crazy water drinking", too much liquid, loss os sodium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal daily intake of sodium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| milk, milk products, soy, DGLV (dark green, leafy veggies) |
|
|
Term
| What foods have a lot of sodium? |
|
Definition
| processed foods, ham, bacon, salty snacks, canned foods, table salt |
|
|
Term
| What foods are sources of potassium? |
|
Definition
| bananas, apricots, melons, carrots, cauliflower, meat and fish |
|
|
Term
| Where in the body can potassium be found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the principle intracellular electrolytes? |
|
Definition
| potassium, magnesium, phosphate |
|
|
Term
| Where in the body is sodium found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the primary extracellular electrolytes? |
|
Definition
| sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate |
|
|
Term
| What is the best way to determine if the pt is losing or gaining fluid? |
|
Definition
| daily measurement of pt weight |
|
|
Term
| During a physical assessment, how can a nurse assess for fluid volume deficit? |
|
Definition
| weight loss of > or = 2 lbs, low BP, elevated temp, rapid, thready pulse, rapid shallow resp, dark yellow urine, poor tugor skin, sunken eyes, reduced cognition, sleep a lot |
|
|
Term
| What direction does water move in osmosis? |
|
Definition
| water will move in the direction of the highest concentration of solute (i.e. a lower water concentration). Salt is a solute, and when it is concentrated, it will draw water to its location whether in or out of the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diffusion of water across a membrane. Water follows salt. Salt SUCKS water. Salt sucks! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process in which water and solutes move across capillary membranes, driven by fluid pressure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process by which molecules are moved against a concentration gradient across cell membranes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antidiuretic hormone regulats water excretion from the kidneys. Receptors in the hypothalamus secrete ADH when a change in osmolarity & blood volume is detected. ADH causes water to be reabsorbed into the kidney, less urinary output, restored blood volume. |
|
|
Term
| What does a lack of ADH do? |
|
Definition
| Lack of ADH causes impaired water reabsorbtion in the kidney, high volume and dilute urinary output, stimulates thirst mechanism. |
|
|
Term
| What happens if there is an excess of ADH? |
|
Definition
| Excessive ADH causes increased reabsorbtion of water into the kidney, scant and concentrated urinary output. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between interstitial and intravascular water compartments? |
|
Definition
| Interstitial fluid is in the tissue space b/w and around the cells. Intravascular is the watery plasma or serum portion of the blood. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference b/w the intracellular and the extracellular water compartments? |
|
Definition
| Intracellular fluid is inside the cells. It represents the greatest pat of the body. Extracellular fluid is outside the cells ( in the tissue space and surrounding cells). |
|
|
Term
| What fluid represents the greatest part of the body? |
|
Definition
| intracellular fluid (inside the cells) |
|
|
Term
| What populations are at greatest risk for dehydration? |
|
Definition
| Elderly, b/c they have a decreased perception of thirst, decrease in body water, impaired reanl function, inadequate fluid intake due to fear of incontinence. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of water in the body? |
|
Definition
| Water is the vehicle for transporting chemicals such as electrolytes, nonelectrolytes, and blood cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical compounds that remain bound together when dissolved in a solution, and DO NOT conduct electricity. |
|
|
Term
| Do nonelectrolytes conduct electricity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemicals compounds (such as sodium & chloride) that are dissolved, absorbed, and distributed in body fluid. They have an electrical charge. |
|
|
Term
| Do electrolytes have an electrical charge? |
|
Definition
| yes (ELECTRolytes = ELECTric) |
|
|
Term
| What vitamin is especially important during the prenatal period? Why? |
|
Definition
| Folic acid. Lack of it can cause serious birth defects like spina bifida. |
|
|
Term
| What are the fat soluble vitamins? |
|
Definition
| ADEK- They are stored in the body for future needs. |
|
|
Term
| What are the water soluble vitamins? |
|
Definition
| B complex and C. They are excreted with bodily fluids. They require daily replacement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dose of vitamins exceeding the amount required for adequate health. |
|
|
Term
| When can megadosing be toxic? |
|
Definition
| with fat soluble vitamins (water soluble is just wasteful) |
|
|
Term
| What is the major purpose of vit A (retinanol) and source? |
|
Definition
| promotes vision, healthy hair, skin. Dark green, leafy veggies, deep orange fruits and veggies, liver, carrots. (Retinol= wrinkle cream) |
|
|
Term
| What is the majot pupose of B complex-vit? and source? |
|
Definition
| carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. Meats, liver, and whole grains. |
|
|
Term
| What is the major purpose of B-12 and source? |
|
Definition
| "Cyanocobalamin". folic acid and energy metabolism. Dairy and meats. |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of folic acid? source? |
|
Definition
| formation of RBCs, normal GI function. Dark green, leafy veggies, legumes, grains. |
|
|
Term
| What is the major purpose of vit c? |
|
Definition
| "Absorbic acid". Wound healing, immunity, healthy bones, teeth and gums. Citrus fruits, tomatoes, cabbage, broccoli. |
|
|
Term
| What is the major purpose of vit D? source? |
|
Definition
| bone and teeth mineralization, adsorbtion of calcium and phospherous. Fortified milk, tuna, salmon, eggs, butter. |
|
|
Term
| What is the major purpose of vit E? source? |
|
Definition
| RBC formation and integrity, protection of essential fatty acids. DGLV, veg oil, fish, legumes, nuts. |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of vit K? source? |
|
Definition
| production of prothrombin (for blood clotting). DGLV, liver, eggs. |
|
|
Term
| What is the nonfood source of vit D? |
|
Definition
| Vit D is formed in the skin by exposure to sunlight. |
|
|
Term
| Problems assoc with vit A defi? |
|
Definition
| night blindness, rough & dry skin, dry mucous membranes. |
|
|
Term
| What is assoc with vit B-complex defic? |
|
Definition
| nervous system dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| What is assoc with vit B12 defic? |
|
Definition
| pernicious anemia (lack of intrinsic factor=cannot absorb vit B12) |
|
|
Term
| What is assoc with folic acid defic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is assoc with vit C defic? |
|
Definition
| scurvy, anemia, bleeding gums, impaired wound healing |
|
|
Term
| What is assoc with it D defic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is assoc with vit E defic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is assoc with vit K defic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is pernicious anemia and how is it treatd? |
|
Definition
| The body does not make enough RBCs due to lack of B12. Usually occurs in ppl who lack intrisic factor who cannot absorb B12. This can result on stress on the heart, damage to nerve cells (tingling & numbness in hands and feet, memory loss and confusion. TX= B12 pills and shots. |
|
|
Term
| What are the physiological effects of aging on the urinary system? |
|
Definition
| decreased ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine, decreased bladder muscle tone, decreased bladder contracttility. These may result in nocturia, frequency of urination, urine retention and stasis resulting in UTIs. |
|
|
Term
| What types of factors can effect the amount of urine or the patient's ability to void? |
|
Definition
| Fluid I&O, dehydration (urine appears concentrated), fluid overload, caffeine/alcohol have diuretic effects, psychological factors, activity, disease processess, medications like diuretics. |
|
|
Term
| What types of assessment data are important to collect when assessing a pt's urinary status? |
|
Definition
| determine usual patterns of elimination, any recent changes in urinary elimination, history of previous problems |
|
|
Term
| What are risk factors for UTI? |
|
Definition
| sexually active, use of diaphrams, urinary staisis in post menapausal women, diabetes, aging, vaginal dryness |
|
|
Term
| What are the teaching points for the prevention of UTI? |
|
Definition
| fluid intake (8-10 oz X 8), observe urine, cleanse peri area, void after intercourse, drink 2 glasses of water before and after intercourse, shower, cranberry juice, cotton underwear. |
|
|
Term
| What nursing care should be given to a pt with an indwelling cath? |
|
Definition
| excellent hygeine, fluids, activity, keep urine acidic, keep container lower than bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| less than 400 per 24 hour period, bladder being partially emptied |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| greater than normal urinary output, possible diebetes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small amounts of urine i.e. dribbling. associated with sneezing, coughing, laughing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short lived ability to sustain control of flow |
|
|
Term
| Avg normal daily urine amount? |
|
Definition
| 1200 ml/day average (anywhere from 500-3000) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| isometric exercises to improve the ability to retain urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removal of defective tissue to restore function (hip replacement) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relieve symptoms but not cure |
|
|
Term
| PREoperative assessment data include? |
|
Definition
| Subjective-health hx, reason for surgery; Objective-meds, diag tests, level of knowledge |
|
|
Term
| How should pt anxiety be addressed? |
|
Definition
| Pt education like deep breathing. What are their expectations? Therapeutic talk. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| General anesthesia eliminates what? |
|
Definition
| all sensation. it is not sleep. (inhalent, injectable) |
|
|
Term
| Regional anesthesia blocks? |
|
Definition
| sensation in a area (spinal. local, topical) |
|
|
Term
| Common preop meds include? |
|
Definition
| antianxiety like ativan, narcotics like demerol, seditives like versed |
|
|
Term
| Conscious sedation means? |
|
Definition
| pts are sedated but not unconscious. |
|
|
Term
| POST op nursing priorities are to ensure? |
|
Definition
| safe recovery of surgical clients from anesthesia. |
|
|
Term
| What is donated blood tested for? |
|
Definition
| syphilis, HIV antibodies, hepatitis |
|
|
Term
| What is the univesal DONOR blood type? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the universal RECIPIENT blood type? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the carrier substance for glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organ that excretes water to maintain or restore proper balance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood and blood products are examples of this type of solution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Also known as thrombocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A common tissue expander? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should a nurse do when a pt is receiving a blood transfusion? |
|
Definition
| Stay with the pt for the first 15 minutes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S/s of vit B12 deficiency? |
|
Definition
| depression, anorexia, tired, dizzyness |
|
|
Term
| How much folic acid should pregnant women take? |
|
Definition
| 600 mcg beginning before conception through the 1st six weeks of pregnancy. |
|
|
Term
| Who has the greatest % of water in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who has the least % of water in the body? |
|
Definition
| adults over the age of 65 (45%) |
|
|
Term
| Where does fluid go with a hypotonic condition? |
|
Definition
| fluid goes toward the inside of the cell |
|
|
Term
| Where does fluid go with a hypertonic condition? |
|
Definition
| fluid goes toward outside the cell |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of Active Transport? |
|
Definition
| the sodium potassium pump (the majority of sodium is outside the cell) |
|
|
Term
| What does Active Transport do? |
|
Definition
| Maintains NA+ outside the cell and K+ inside the cell. |
|
|
Term
| How much water equals 1 lb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is 0.9NS isotonic? T or F? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the number 1, primary indicator of fluid volume disturbances? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the s/s of fluid volume deficit? |
|
Definition
| WEIGHT. Lung sounds (crackles) are also a good indicator. |
|
|
Term
| High sodium inside the cell makes ....? |
|
Definition
| It makes water leave the cell. |
|
|
Term
| Sodium excretion is controlled by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why should you not give water to someone on gastric suction? |
|
Definition
| Water may wash out even more electrolytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle weakness or leg cramps |
|
|
Term
| What can cause hyperkalemia? |
|
Definition
| dialysis, crushing injury, burn pt |
|
|
Term
| Can potassium be given as an IV push? |
|
Definition
| NEVER!! It must be SLOW. Death Row ppl are given IV push b/c it stops the heart. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the parathyroid gland located? |
|
Definition
| right above thyroid gland in chest |
|
|
Term
| What is the major function of the parathyroid? |
|
Definition
| increases calcium absorption |
|
|
Term
| Kidney stones can result from ? |
|
Definition
| Increased calcium in the urine. |
|
|
Term
| What should a nurse teach a pt related to calcium intake? |
|
Definition
| If at risk for kidney stones, increase acid-ash foods like meat, fish, and poultry, eggs, prunes, plums, and cranberries. Encourage weight bearing activities. Increase fluid intake to 2000-3000mL per day. |
|
|
Term
| Why could magnesium be administered to asthmatics? |
|
Definition
| It is a smooth muscle relaxant. |
|
|
Term
| Calcium has an inverse relationship to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two major systems that regulate the acid-base process? |
|
Definition
| Respiratory and Renal. They are important buffer systems. |
|
|
Term
| What kind of blood is drawn to determine acid-base balance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is urinary incontinence a normal part of aging? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a reflex bladder? |
|
Definition
| over-stretched bladder which causes leakage |
|
|
Term
| What is an overflow bladder? |
|
Definition
| full bladder that causes leakage |
|
|
Term
| What is urge incontinence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is functional incontinence? |
|
Definition
| needs help but can make it to the bathroom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| post-void residual. It is the amount of urine left in the bladder immediately after voiding. it is a diagnostic evaluation for urinary incontinence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PVR < 50 mL = adequate bladder emptying; PVR > 200 mL = inadequate bladder emptying; PVR b/w 50-200 needs further evaluation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Measure how urine flows, is stored, and is eliminated. |
|
|
Term
| A pt just had a lumbar puncture. What should the pt do after the procedure? |
|
Definition
| Pt should remain flat for 6-12 hrs. The nurse should monitor neuro status and encourage fluids. |
|
|
Term
| How do wounds usually heal? |
|
Definition
| 1st-Primary intension. 2nd-If infected, it heals by secondary intention. 3rd- Tertiary intention using skin grafts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should a nurse's primary consideration be during post op? |
|
Definition
| Data collection and assessment to prevent pneumonia and atelectasis. |
|
|
Term
| What should normal urine output be? |
|
Definition
| approx 50 mL/h (at the very least 30 mL/h0 |
|
|
Term
| What position should a pt be put into when treated for shock? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An early sign of DVT (deep vein thrombosis). If you flex your foot, it hurts. |
|
|
Term
| What is a paralytic ileus? |
|
Definition
| temp paralyzed ileus due to surgery. Can be a risk for constipationT |
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|
