Term
| Difference between bacterial and viral pneumonia laboratory findings |
|
Definition
1. viral sputum cultures are negative
2. in bacterial, neutrophils predominate; viral, mononuclear cells predominate |
|
|
Term
| Community-acquired bacterial pneumonias: bacterial agents |
|
Definition
| 1. Pneumococcal 2. staphylococcal 3. hemophilus influenzae 4. Klebsiella |
|
|
Term
| Nosocomial pneumonia: bacterial agents |
|
Definition
Gram-negative: E. coli, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Serratia/enterobacter
Staph aureus
drug-resistant organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Legionella pneumonia, mycoplasma pneumonia, chlamydia pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for Streptococcus Pneumonia |
|
Definition
| Penicillin (reduces mortality from 30% to 5%) |
|
|
Term
| Strep pneumonia virulence factors |
|
Definition
| Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), capsular polysaccharide (CPS), cell wall polysaccharide, pneumolysin, autolysin |
|
|
Term
| pneumococcal pneumonia: poor prognostic factors |
|
Definition
splenic dysfunction/absence, alcoholism, old age, multilobar disease, leukopenia
co-morbidities: malnutrition, poor dentition, smoking, contact with children, COPD, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, malignancy, stroke or seizure |
|
|
Term
| Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine |
|
Definition
23 capsular antigens, reduces risk of bacteremia, reduces risk of hospitalization and mortality of CAP by 40%
Recommended for: pts >65, chronic cardiopulmonary dis, diabetes, alcoholism, immunocompromised, adult in long-term care facility |
|
|
Term
| Pneumococcal vaccine: conjugate vaccine |
|
Definition
| protein generates T-cell dependent memory response--immunogenic in children; 7 polysaccharide antigens; recommended for all children at 2, 4, and 12-15 months of age |
|
|
Term
| Causes of poor responses to initial empiric therapy |
|
Definition
1. inappropriate therapy: antibiotic resistance
2. unusual pathogen: P. carinii, TB, Fungus
3. complicated pneumonia
4. complication of treatment
5. non-infectious mimic of pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| bronchoPneumonia: spread to adjacent structures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bronchopneumonia: blood borne spread |
|
Definition
| meningitis, endocarditis, septic arthritis, abscesses |
|
|
Term
| bronchopneumonia: local complications |
|
Definition
| bronchiectasis, bronchopleural fistula, lung abscess |
|
|
Term
| Pneumonia: Lung abscess (3 types plus organisms) |
|
Definition
Aspiration: anaerobic, aerobic
Necrotizing: Staphylococcus, klebsiella, gram-negatives, other
post-obstructive inflammation |
|
|
Term
| Lung abscess: complications |
|
Definition
| hemorrhage, sepsis, bronchopleural fistula with empyema, abscess formation (brain), recurrent pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| Bronchiectasis: symtpoms associated with |
|
Definition
| 1. Chronic recurrent pneumonia 2. hemoptysis 3. air flow obstruction 4.pulmonary hypertension may simulate a neoplasm (if localized) |
|
|
Term
| Chronic recurrent pulmonary infections: two categories of abnormalities and examples |
|
Definition
Anatomic abnormalities: proximal obstructing neoplasm, tracheoesophageal fistula, vascular rings, sequestration, cyanotic congenital heart disease, chest wall deformities
Metabolic abnormalities: cystic fibrosis, Ig deficiencies, ciliary dyskinesias, asthma |
|
|
Term
| Mycoplasma pneumonia: shape, % pneumonias in ambulatory patients, % ppl develop clinical disease, dx, tx |
|
Definition
lacks rigid cell wall--neither cocci nor bacilli
mucosal pathogen
causes 25% of pneumonias in ambulatory patients
10% ppl infected develop clinical disease
dx: specific antibody test, cold agglutinins
tx: erythromycin |
|
|
Term
| SARS: detection, where is it found? |
|
Definition
detection: culture, serology, PCR
detected in: respiratory secretions, stool, urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
organizing fibrinous exudates
pneumocyte proliferation (giant multinucleate cells)
hemorrhage
obliterative bronchiolitis |
|
|
Term
| What does SARS do to muscles? |
|
Definition
| inflammatory myositis with atrophy |
|
|
