Term
| What are the three most common bacterial causes of acute pneumonia? |
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Definition
| Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus Aureus, and Haemophilus Influenzae |
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Term
| What are the two rickettsial agents that cause acute pneumonia? |
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Definition
| Coxiella Burnetti and Rickettsia Rickettsiae |
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Term
| What are the four common agents of chronic pneumonia? |
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Definition
| Fungi, Nocardia, Mycobacteria, and Anaerobic Bacteria |
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Term
| Besides chronic pneumonia, what else is nocardia associated with? |
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Definition
| Formation of brain abscesses |
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Term
| The presence of a high percentage of PMN's indicates a bacterial pneumonia or a viral pneumonia? |
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Definition
| bacterial pneumonia (viral pneumonia associated with mononuclear cell infiltrates) |
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Term
| Bronchial sounds in which the inspiratory phase is equal in length to the expiratory phase indicates what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which antibiotic is typically given in therapy for acute pneumonia to cover the atypical organisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| For atypical acute pneumonia, which class of antibiotics is used for treatment? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which organisms is a very common cause of pneumonia in children and young adults and is often accompanied by signs like stuffy nose and headache? |
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Definition
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Term
| Health-Care associated pneumonia is most oftenly caused by what class of bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pneumonia caused by transmission via rabbits, foxes, and squirrels is suggestive of what disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the bacterial agent that causes the plague? |
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Definition
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Term
| Anthrax is transmitted by bacillus anthracis, an organism found commonly in what animal agents? |
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Definition
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Term
| Flora that is mixed, containing Gram (+) and (-) organisms is likely what type of flora? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three predominant anaerobic bacteria in the oropharynx? |
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Definition
| peptococcus, peptostreptococcus, fusobacteria |
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Term
| Which antibiotic is an excellent choice for oral anaerobes? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| With pleural effusion, are breath sounds enhanced or diminished? |
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Definition
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Term
| High dose steroids increase risk of which types of pneumonia? |
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Definition
| Legionella, Mycobacteria/nocardia |
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Term
| Which bacteria are commonly associated with community-acquired pneumonia in smokers and patients with COPD? |
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Definition
| Legionella, Haemophilus Influenza, and Strep Pneumo |
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Term
| What is the first-line treatment for Legionella pneumonia and other species associated with immunosuppression, smoking, and COPD? |
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Definition
| Macrolides (IV azithromycin commonly used) |
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Term
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae and respiratory viruses are associated with which type of pneumonia, typically? |
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Definition
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Term
| interstitial pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients typically caries what etiology? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are three less frequent diseases that occur with pneumococcal infections? |
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Definition
| endocarditis, septic arthritis, and peritonitis |
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Term
| What two virulence factors by streptococcus pneumoniae stimulate inflammation? |
|
Definition
| peptidoglycan and teichoic acid |
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Term
| What two virulence factors secreted by S. pneumoniae modify extracellular matrix components? |
|
Definition
| neuraminidase and hyaluronidase |
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Term
| Choline-binding proteins, protein A, and teichoic acid make up what type of virulence factors? |
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Definition
| adhesive cell-surface components |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of pneumolysin? |
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Definition
| inhibits beating of cell cilia and activity of PMN's |
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Term
| What method is used to stain the polysaccharide capsule in strep. pneumo? |
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Definition
| The method of Schneierson |
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Term
| When do anti-capsular antibodies typically develop? |
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Definition
| 5-8 days after the infection |
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Term
| For protein-conjugate vaccines to fight strep pneumo,what two carrier proteins are commonly used? What is the advantage of such a conjugated vaccine? |
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Definition
| tetanus and diphtheria toxoids/ confers T-cell memory |
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Term
| In contrast to pneumonia with an atypical etiology, what is the appearance of patients who have a classical community-acquired case of pneumonia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the most frequent symptoms associated with classical CAP? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the US, what type of phenotype confers S. pneumo with low-level resistance to antibiotic treatment but can be overcome with higher levels of antibiotics? |
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Definition
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Term
| In Europe, what genetic change is associated with high level resistance to all macrolides? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the treatment for legionella pneumonia? |
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Definition
| cell-penetrating erythromycin and quinolones |
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Term
| The chest radiograph of someone with legionella pneumonia would reveal rapid progression to multi-lobe stage with what feature? |
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Definition
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Term
| Nosocomial pneumonia represents what % of nosocomial infections? |
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Definition
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Term
| What term refers to the less common process of nosocomial infection with esophageal or gastric material; bacteria condensating in ventilator tubing and drains? |
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Definition
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