Term
|
Definition
| A dynamic steady state; NOT an equilibrium but "within narrow limits" and fluctuates around the set point |
|
|
Term
| Percentages of 2 Body Fluids |
|
Definition
Intracellular Fluid 67%
Extracellular Fluid--
Interstitial (in between cells) 26%
Plasma (fluid of blood) 7% |
|
|
Term
| Components of a control mechanism |
|
Definition
-Variable
-Need set point (set by controller)
-Sensor/Receptor
-Integration center/controller
-Effector (carries out response) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"Response of effector removes stimulus"; Closed loop; returns to set point & keeps conditions stable
Ex. Body temperature increases, start to sweat, body temperature lowers, stimulus goes away |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"Response reinforces stimulus"
Also closed loop but it enhances stimulus (can promote useful change OR disaster), does NOT bring it back to set point
Ex. Bleeding causes chemicals to releases more chemicals to clot (enhancing stimulus), eventually bleeding stops but doesnt go back to what it was before.
Ex. Child birth, Cardiogenic shock *bad*, hypothermia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"Feed forward"
Stimulus -> response, but no feedback.
Ex. Hungry, Stomach growls but hunger doesn't go away |
|
|
Term
| What happens if you put an ionic bond into water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The attractive force between hydrogen, the electronegative atom of one molecule, and the electronegative atom of another
Makes water sticky (and belly flops hurt because of the surface tension) |
|
|
Term
| Water's Importance to Life (6) |
|
Definition
1. Solvent
2.Ionization (Ionic bonds separate into ions/electrolytes which can carry electricity)
3. Reactivity (Hydrolysis-to break apart with water, or Dehydration Synthesis-bring together by losing water)
4. High heat capacity/Thermal Inertia (It's hard to change temp, so for humans its good we are made of mostly water)
5. Lubrication
6. Cushion |
|
|
Term
| Cell Membrane Fluid Mosiac Model contains |
|
Definition
-Amphipathic phospholipids (polar and nonpolar regions, polar ones form hydrogen bonds with water)
-Phosphate heads (hydrophilic,polar)
-Fatty acid tails (hydrophobic,nonpolar) |
|
|
Term
| When mixed with water, phospholipids... |
|
Definition
| SPONTANEOUSLY (no ATP needed!) form micelles/bilayers; helpful because cells can squeeze through the membrane and the phospho's will reassemble themselves) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Steroid lipid; helps maintain proper fluidity and stability (makes oil on water more stable) in membrane; prevents phase change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins that attach to inner or outer face of membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins that protrude across membrane; include channels and carrier proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Channels are just tunnels with a gate that carrier proteins have to change their shape to get through |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Channels
2. Receptors
3. Transporters
4. Anchors
5. Enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Nervous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attaches epithelia to underlying tissue from basal side |
|
|
Term
| Intercellular Junctions (4 types) |
|
Definition
Bind epithelial cells together
1. Tight junctions
2. Gap junctions
3. Desmosomes
4. Hemidesmosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Type of intracellular junction (in epithelial); mechanical junction;
literally connects cells by hooking them together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Type of intracellular junction (in epithelial); mechanical junction;
Connect cells to basement membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Type of intracellular junction (in epithelial)
Use desmosomes but have extra layer of protection to make cell impermeable
Ex. In stomach, they keep acid from getting out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Type of intracellular junction (in epithelial); communicating junction
Allows ions to move so cells can communicate electrically
Ex. Cardiac cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In Connective Tissue Proper
Blasts: make connective tissue matrix
Cytes: maintain CT matrix (still alive, just mature) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In connective tissue specifically CARTILAGE
Blasts: make matrix
Cytes: maintain matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In connective tissue specifically BONE
Blasts: make matrix, mainly collagen (NO MITOTIC POTENTIAL)
Cytes: maintain matrix, found in compact bone (NO MITOTIC POTENTIAL)
Clasts: breakdown bone using acids it secretes & enzymes break down collagen fibers, found in outer layer right below periosteum, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In connective tissue specifically BLOOD; forms into various blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Non living part of connective tissue; determines function;
Consists of protein fibers & polysaccharide ground substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Collagenous
2. Elastic
3. Reticular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Defective collagen synthesis leads to lack in Vitamin C (causes loss of tensile strength) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amino acid that strengthens the triple helix in collagen (rarely found in other proteins) |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms due to fragile collagen |
|
Definition
-purpura (leakage of blood in small vessels)
-pinpoint bleeding (around nails,etc)
-Osteoid (matrix of bone) formation is defective which causes aching limbs |
|
|
Term
| 3 Types of Collagen & where they are found |
|
Definition
Type 1-Bone
Type 2-Cartilage
Type 3- Reticular (looks like immature collagen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protein: Collagen
Stable, cross linked, triple helix; high tensile strength (resists stretch) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protein: Elastin
Random coil comformation; Extensibility (can stretch then will recoil) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protein: Reticular
Delicate net network supports individual cells in organ (ex. spleen, liver); Made from Type 3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Contains:
-Interstitial fluid (can be fluid ->jello)
-Adhesion proteins (anchorin, fibronectin,laminin)
-Proteoglycans (GAGs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A.k.a GAG's (large charged polysaccharide with protein attached) |
|
|
Term
| Categories of Connective Tissue Proper (5) |
|
Definition
1. Hyaline Cartilage
2. Loose Connective Tissue
3. Dense Connective Tissue
4. Fibrocartilage
5. Cartilage |
|
|
Term
| Areolar connective tissue |
|
Definition
| Loose connective; "filler" loose meshwork containing all 3 fibers (elastic, reticular, collagenous); made by fibroblasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Contains macrophages to get rid of anything foreign and mast cells for inflammatory response
Includes
1. Areolar
2. Adipose
3. Reticular (found in spleen) |
|
|
Term
| Dense Regular connective tissue |
|
Definition
Type of dense connective tissue;
Makes up ligaments and tendons; lots of collagen fibers set up parellel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Type of dense connective tissue;
Makes up dermis; randomly arranged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Chrondroblasts/cytes
-Mature cartilage cells in lacunae
-Matrix
-Chondrotin sulfates (turns interstitial fluid to gel)
*Cartilage is avascular, so when you damage it, it can't rebuild |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Type of Dense connective; strong, SMOOTH; reduces friction in joints!
Consists of:
Matrix-full of dense, fine collagen
Perichondrium-dense CT membrane surrounding the hylane cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Type of dense connective tissue; resists compression in spine/knee (water allows it)
Consists of collagen matrix with some elastic fibers
Ex. intervertebral disks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Epidermis (epithelial tissue)
2. Dermis "deeper" (connective tissue)
Hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue)- not technically part of skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Stratified squamos keratinizing epithelium
-Avascular (all epithelium is)
-Five layers of skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Top to Bottom
Corneum- cornified, dead, waterproof because of keratin
Lucidium-clear cells now, no more mitosis
Granulosum- granules of keratin
Spinosum- also makes keratin thru mitosis
Basal- regenerative layer, make keratin thru mitosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.Outer Papillary (Areolar CT) includes blood vessels, sweat glands
2.Inner Reticular (Dense irregular CT) |
|
|
