Term
|
Definition
plasma
formed elements (RBC,WBC,and platelets) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| granulocytes, agranulocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| monocyte (2-8%), lymphocyte (20-30%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(50-70%)
• First responders
• Target bacteria
• Fine reddish granules in a pale pink cytoplasm
• 3-5 lobed nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(2-4%)
• Attack larger pathogens (parasites)
• Show large red granules in a clear cytoplasm
• Bilobed nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(<1%)
• Not phagocytic
• Release histamine (dilates vessels) and heparin (prevents clots)
• Clear cytoplasm with purplish black granules
• Nucleus S or U shaped- multi lobed |
|
|
Term
| when blood typing and sample clumps up |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
packed red cell volume
• % RBCs in a whole blood |
|
|
Term
| range of hemtocrit m and f |
|
Definition
| • Range 38-46% (female) 40-54% (male) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the WBCs and platelts on top of the RBCs after centrofuge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• To measure would put into centrafuge and withfraw and measure the red section, measure whole thing and find percentage
• To balance centrifuge- put one tube on either side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide/ hydrogen+
• Blood oxygen carrying capacity |
|
|
Term
| hemoglobin levels male and female |
|
Definition
| 13-18 g/dL Male, 12-16g/dL female |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can affect hemoglobin level |
|
Definition
| • variety of conditions (dietary, geographical, smoking, exercise, recumbancy, ect.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Sickled shape
• due to a recessive allele that causes a change in one amino acid of the beta chain of the hemoglobin molecule. Due to this change, red blood cells that are deprived of oxygen become deformed into a "sickle" or crescent shape rather than a normal donut shape.
• Hemoglobin sticks together making sickled shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• This is a viral disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. It is characterized by an increased production of monocytes and lymphocytes (agranulocytes). The disease is highly contagious and symptoms include a tired, achy feeling, low-grade fever and sore throat.
• Not as many more as leukemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• More RBCs than usual
• Increased hematocrit
• It is most often a result of bone marrow cancer. The condition is characterized by dizziness and a high red blood cell count (6-8 million RBC/mm3). A hematocrit may be as high as 80% (the normal range is around 45%).
• In slide hardly any space in between |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acute myelomonocytic leukemia |
|
Definition
| characterized by an overproduction of monocytes and myeloblast-derived blood cells (basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease is characterized by large numbers of abnormal lymphocytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This form of leukemia is characterized by an overproduction of monocytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o First heart sound (lub, s1) caused by the closure of AV valve during ventricular contraction
o Second heart sound (dup, s2) caused by the closure of semilunar valve during ventricular relaxation |
|
|
Term
| BP determines by 3 most important factors |
|
Definition
| cardiac output (CO), blood volume and peripheral resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
HR x SV
(heart rate) x (stroke volume) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| peripheral resistance is created |
|
Definition
| by the friction caused by blood flow against the walls of the blood vessel |
|
|
Term
| korotkoff sounds created by |
|
Definition
| the blood flow through the compressed artery- when pressure is lower than systolic and higher than diastolic |
|
|
Term
| when over systolic pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lower than diastolic pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pacemaker for the heart in humans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| These cells rhythmically produce action potentials that spread through the muscle fibers of the atria. The resulting contraction pushes blood into the ventricles. |
|
|
Term
| connection between atria and ventricles |
|
Definition
| The only electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles is via the atrioventricular (AV) node. The action potential spreads slowly through the AV node, thus allowing atrial contraction to contribute to ventricular filling, and then rapidly through the AV bundle and Purkinje fibers to excite both ventricles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Lead I traditional EKG (right arm to left arm)
o Lead II LA to L leg
o Lead III RA to LL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization (cant see this because ventrical depolarization is so much stronger) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventricular repolarization |
|
|
Term
| which interval changes with increased HR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• 2 atria and one ventricle
• along inside of ventricle there are trabeculae that help separate the oxy and deoxy blood
• SV (sinus venosus) is pacemaker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases contractile force and subtle increase in heart rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acetylcholine (body normally releases to keep hr slow)
• Works on the muscarinic ACh receptors in the heart to slow heart rate |
|
|
Term
| norepinephrine (isoproterneol) |
|
Definition
(released in flight/fight)
• Works on beta adrenergic receptors in the heart to speed up heart rate |
|
|
Term
| atropine (isuprel) on heart |
|
Definition
(if applied without ACh, it has no effect)
• An antagonist of ACh and blocks the muscarinic ACh receptors in the heart to increase heart rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3:1 ratio atria to ventricular beating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atria and ventricle beat completely independently |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventricle stops beating completely |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of light pass through the sample |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of light absorbed by the sample (what it measures) |
|
|
Term
| hemoglobin molecule structure |
|
Definition
consists of four chains (2 alpha and 2 beta). Each chain wraps around one heme group which consists of an iron atom in the center. Each iron atom can bind reversibly to one oxygen molecule
o A full saturated hemoglobin molecule can being 4 oxygen moelcules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 20 oxygen partial pressure (PO2) (mmHg) (30% saturation Hb) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 40 mmHg (~75% saturation Hb) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 100 mmHg (100% saturation Hb) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the partial pressure of exygen when the hemoglobin is 50% saturated |
|
|
Term
| BPG affect on oxygen binding and curve |
|
Definition
• Facilitates the release of oxygen molecules bound to the hemoglobin
• BPG stripping- curve shifts right
• P50 goes up
• Oxygen binding is down
• Oxygen release is up
• Hemoglobin has lower affinity for oxygen
• Oxygen unbound in tissues easier (the use of this) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| B lymphocytes confer what is called humoral (or antibody-mediated) immunity by producing freely circulating antibodies in the blood and lymph. These antibodies bind to the antigen (bacteria, etc.) tagging it for destruction by the macrophages or the complement system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce a line of cells called plasma cells that generate the immunoglobulins (antibodies) needed to target the antigens for destruction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| either TC (cytotoxic) cells which recognize and lyse infectious cells, or TH (helper)- lots of functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| virus-infected cells and tumor cells. |
|
|
Term
| t cells can destroy cell by |
|
Definition
| either directly destroy the invader (e.g. cancer cells, pathogen infected cells, transplanted tissues), or indirectly lead to the antigen's destruction by releasing special chemicals that enable other lymphocytes or macrophages to destroy it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Splenic (lymph)
• Nodules
• Central artety
• Germinal centers
• B cells
• Areas of lymphocytes and macrophages suspended in reticular fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
t cells
• Venous sinuses and regions containing humerous red blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Serves mainly to remove old or defective blood cells and platelts from circulation- acts as a filter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is largest lymphoid organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• In adult bilobed gland
• Each love surrounded by fibrous capsule and subdivided into lobules
• Lobules are separated by extensions of the capsule called trabecuaer septa
• Notice each love has an outer cortex and deeper medulla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Releases thymosin and thymopoietin which enable T cells to ract against specific pathogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
demonstrate the presence of an antibody.
o Postive result- presence of plaque, due to antibody antigen induced lysis of SRBC
o Negative result- no plaque |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Have a well coated with BSA (bovine s. antigen) rinse once
o Add primary antibody. These stick then wash 3x
o Add blocking gel then wash 3x
o Add antibody 2 conjugated with HRP and rinse 8 times
o Add chromogen- ABTS react with HRP
• Positive colored darker
• Negative no color or light
o Purpose- to test the presence of a particular antibody |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ions and water into cell and lyses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a substance of molecule that triggers the production of an antibody when introduced into the body. It can also be an antibod |
|
|
Term
| cell mediated immune response |
|
Definition
| is completed by T lymphocytes through two methods, they can either directly attack and destroy the invader or they can indirectly lead to the antigens death by enabling other lymphocytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is provided by antibodies that circulate in the body fluids that bind, inactivate and mark invaders for destruction by macrophages. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| works to assist the antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism by removing the antigen and antibody complexes and preparing the membrane attack complex |
|
|
Term
| why hemolytic plaque assay use spleen |
|
Definition
| because the spleen is where the B cells rapidly divide. The Hemolytic plaque assay can enumerate the B-cells, which secrete the antibodies. The spleen is where a response will be shown after introducing the antigen due to the antibodies from the B cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| then poured into the well. The viral protin on the cell surface will bind to the primary antibody if it is a match. Then, primary antibody is added again, followed by secondary antibody HRP. Then ABTS is added to produce a colored product in a positive response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| B cells harvested from a host animal's spleen and fused with cancerous myeloma cells. This new cell will possess properties from both cells. It is a perpetually regenerating cell line that produces a specific antibody that is used for identifying presence of proteins, viruses, etc. It also is the basis of "Magic-bullet" therapy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where antibodies are created that are selective for cancerous cells. These antibodies are bound to special toxins with the intent of poisoning ONLY the cancerous cells. |
|
|
Term
| 2 main functions lymphatic system |
|
Definition
• Return fluid from interstitial spaces to circulatory system, thus maintaining blood volume
• To assist in the body’s defense against disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
form larger vessels and then trunks
• Trunks empty into 2 main ducts
• Right lymphatic
• Thoracic
• These return fluid to circulation at the internal jugular and subclavian veins |
|
|
Term
| how many liters fluid moved/day in lymph system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Numerous lymph "nodes" are clustered along the lymphatic vessels in areas such as the axilla, groin, and neck. In the nodes, the lymph is filtered to remove debris, microorganisms, etc. If an antigen is encountered, the lymphocytes in the nodes assist in activating the immune response (see below). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (phagocytes) are large, mobile cells derived from monocytes (a type of agranular white blood cell). They are commonly found in loose connective tissue, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissues where they freely move about, engulfing dead tissue and foreign matter (including bacteria) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are another class of specialized white blood cells (also agranulocytes) which are most abundant in the lymphoid tissues. They initially develop in the bone marrow, and then migrate to become immunocompetent. Two classes exist, T lymphocytes (T cells), which migrate to the thymus, and B lymphocytes (B cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| be bacterial, viral, or particulate matter, living or non-living, hence any substance that is detected as foreign by the organism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| special class of proteins that are produced by plasma cells (daughter cells of activated B lymphocytes). |
|
|
Term
| polyclonal antibodies produced by |
|
Definition
| injecting a host animal with a specific antigen that result in producing multiple clonal antibodies that are capable recognize the same antigen |
|
|
Term
| monoclonal antibodies produced by |
|
Definition
| by injecting the host animal with a specific antigen and then culture the same clonal antibodies that released by the plasma cells derived from the same mother B cells. Due to their unique specificity, monoclonal antibodies have become a common tool in research and medical testing. B-cells are harvested from the host animal’s spleen and fused under special laboratory conditions with cancerous myeloma cells. The resulting cell, called a hybridoma |
|
|
