Term
| What is the process of quality management? |
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Definition
Plan Quality Management
Perform Quality Assurance
Control Quality |
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Term
| What are the key outputs of the Plan Quality Management process? |
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Definition
Quality management plan
Quality metrics
Quality checklist
Process improvement plan
Updates to project documents |
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Term
| What are the key outputs of the perform quality Assurance process? |
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Definition
Change requests
Updates to standards, process , and quality systems (organizational process assets)
Updates to project management plan and project documents |
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Term
| What are the key outputs of the Control Quality process? |
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Definition
Quality control measurements
Validated changes
Updates to project management plan and project documents
Change requests
Lessons learned (part of updates to organizational process assets)
Verified deliverables |
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Term
| What is the definition of quality? |
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Definition
| The degree to which the project fulfills requirements |
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Term
| How does quality differ from grade? |
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Definition
Whereas quality is the degree to which requirements are fulfilled, grade refers
to a general category or classification for a deliverable or resource that indicates
common function, but varying technical specifications |
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Term
| What does gold plating mean? |
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Definition
Adding extra items and services to customers deliverables that
do not necessarily contribute added value or quality |
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Term
| What is marginal analysis? |
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Definition
An analysis to determine when optimal quality is reached to determine the
point where incremental benefits or revenue from improving quality equals the incremental cost to secure it |
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Term
| What is a process improvement plan |
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Definition
A plan for analyzing the process used on the project to improve them, looking
for ways to decrease defects, save time and money, and increase customer
satisfaction |
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Term
| What are quality metrics? |
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Definition
Specific measures of quality to be used on the project in the perform Quality
Assurance and Control Quality process |
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Term
| What does continuous improvement mean? |
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Definition
The ongoing enhancement of a product or service through small, continuous
improvements in quality |
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Term
How much inventory is maintained in a just in time (JIT) environment?
How does this affect attention to quality? |
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Definition
Little inventory is maintained
It forces attention to quality |
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Term
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Definition
| International Organization for Standardized (ISO) quality standards that help organizations ensure that they have quality procedures and are following them |
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Term
| What is the definition of total quality management or TQM |
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Definition
A comprehensive management philosophy that encourages companies to find
ways to continuously improve the quality of business practices, products, and services at every level of the organization |
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Term
| Why is “prevention over inspection” important? |
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Definition
| Because the cost of avoiding or preventing mistakes is much less than the cost of correcting them |
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Term
| What does mutual exclusivity mean? |
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Definition
| Two events are said to be mutually Exclusive if they cannot both occur in a single trial (for example, you can’t get both a 5 and a6 on a single roll of a die) |
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Term
| What is statistical independence? |
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Definition
The probability of event “B” occurring does not depend on event “A” occurring
(for example, the outcome of a second roll of a die is not dependent on the
outcome of the first roll) |
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Term
| What is a normal distribution curve? |
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Definition
A symmetric bell shaped frequency distraction curve used to measure variation
This is the most common probability distribution |
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Term
What does sigma signify in a process?
What another name for sigma? |
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Definition
How much variance from the mean has been established as permissible in a process
Standard deviation |
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Term
| What do 3 sigma and 6 sigma refer to? |
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Definition
These are commonly used a quality standards
3 sigma: +/-3 standards deviations from the mean
6 sigma: +/- 6 standards deviations from the mean
6 sigma is a higher quality standard than 3 sigma |
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Term
| What is the difference between a population and a sample? |
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Definition
Population: The total number of individual members, items, or elements comprising
a uniquely defined group (e.g., all women)
Sample: A statistically valid subset of population members (e.g., women
randomly chosen to represent the population) |
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Term
| Who has responsibly for quality on a project? |
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Definition
Although team members must inspect their own work, the project manager
has the ultimate responsibility for quality |
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Term
| What are the impacts of poor quality? |
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Definition
Increase cost
Decreased profits
Low morale
Low customer satisfaction
Increase risk
Rework
Schedule delays |
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Term
| What are examples of cost of conformance and cost of nonconformance? |
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Definition
Cost of conformance:
Quality training
Studies
Surveys
Efforts to measure everyone knows the process to use to complete their work
Cost of nonconformance:
Rework
Scrap
Inventory costs
Warranty Costs
Lost business |
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Term
What are the cost of nonconformance associated with?
Which should be greater, the cost of conformance or nonconformance? |
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Definition
Costs of nonconformance are associated with poor quality
The cost of conformance should be less than the costs of nonconformance |
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Term
| What are the seven basic quality tools (7QC)? |
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Definition
Cause and effect diagram
Flow chart
Checklist
Pareto diagram
Histogram
Control chart
Scatter diagram |
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Term
| What is a quality checklist? |
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Definition
| A list of items to inspect, a list of steps to perform, or a picture of an item to be inspected, with space to note any defects found |
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Term
| How does check sheet differ from a quality checklist? |
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Definition
Although a check sheet is a type checklist, its primary purpose is to gather data
The quality checklist is intended to help verify a required action has taken place or item has been included |
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Term
| What is a cause and effect diagram? |
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Definition
graphical tool that helps determine the possible root causes of a problem
It is also called a fishbone or Ishikawa diagram |
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Term
| What does a flowchart show? |
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Definition
How a process or system flows from beginning to end, how the elements
interrelated, alternative path the process can take, and how the process translates
inputs into outputs |
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Term
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Definition
A histogram that arranges the results from most frequent to least frequent to
help identify which root causes are resulting in the most problems |
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Term
| What does a scatter diagram show? |
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Definition
| The relationship between two variables |
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Term
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Definition
A specialized trend chart that documents whether a measured process is in or
out of statistical control |
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Term
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Definition
| The acceptable range of variations on a control chart |
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Term
| What are the specifications limits on a control chart? |
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Definition
The customer’s definition of acceptable product/ services
characterizes and tolerances |
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Term
How do we define a process as statically out of control?
What does out of control mean? |
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Definition
A data point fall outside the upper or lower control limit, or there are
nonrandom data points
There is a lack of consistency and predictability in the process |
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Term
What is the rule of seven?
What does it signify? |
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Definition
Seven consecutive data points appearing on a control chart on one side of the mean
The process is out of statistical control |
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Term
| What is an assignable cause/ special cause variation? |
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Definition
A data point (or set of data points) on a control chart indicates that measured
process is out of statistical control and that the causes of the event
must be investigated |
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Term
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Definition
Comparing your project to other project to get ideas for improvement and to
provide a benchmark for measuring quality performance |
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Term
| What is design of experiments? |
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Definition
A statistical method that allows you to experimentally change all of the
important variables in a process to determine what combination will optimize overall quality |
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Term
| What is statistical sampling? |
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Definition
| Inspecting by testing only part of a population (a statistically valid sample) |
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Term
| Define cost benefit analysis |
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Definition
| Comparing the cost of an effort to the benefits of that effort |
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Term
What are some of the tools and techniques used in the Perform
Quality Assurance process? |
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Definition
Plan Quality Management and control Quality tools and techniques
Process analysis
Quality audits
Affinity diagrams
Tree diagrams
Process decision program charts
Interrelation digraphs
Matrix diagrams
Prioritization matrices
Activity network diagrams |
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Term
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Definition
Structured reviews of quality policies, practices, and procedures to ensure they are efficient and effective
These audits often results in lessons learned for the organization |
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