• Sensorimotor (B-2)
• Preoperational (2-7)
• Concrete Operational (7-11)
• Formal Operational (11+)

• Part of adaptation process
• Ex- Sees a zebra at the zoo, calls it a horse

• Part of the adaptation process
• Ex: "How is a zebra different from a horse?"

Occurs in 4 fields

• Motor (use of body)
• Adaptive (problem solving skills)
• Langugage (use of words)
• Personal-Social (management of every day tasks)

• combines psycosocial and social aspects and divides typical lifespan into 8 stages
• Schoolyears:
• Preschool: Initiative vs Guild (Exploration)
• Elementary: Industry vs Inferiority (School)
• Adolescence: Indentity vs Role Play (Social Relationships)
• Adulthood: Intimacy vs Isolation (Various relationships)

• Younger than 10-11: think of rules as fixed and absolute; "morality of restraint"
• Older than 10-11: more realistic view regarding changing of rules as permissable if everyone agrees to the change; "morality of cooperation"
• Preconventional: (Preschoool-Primary)
• Stg1: Punishment & Obedience
• Stg2: Individualism & Change
• Conventional: (Miidle-High School)
• Stg3: Mutual Interpersonal Expectations & Conformity
• Stg4: Awareness of Established Social Order
• Postconventional: (High School-Adulthood)
• Stg5: Social Contract Orientation
• Stg6: Principles of Justice

1. Only concerned with herself
2. Sacrafices own interest for benefit of others
3. Synthesizes responsibilities to self & others

Technique for changing a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus

• Ex: Dog salivates with meat powder (unconditioned), adds ringing bell (neutral), Eventaully dog salivates with only bell and no powder

focuses on desirable or undesirable consequences of behavior

• AKA instrumental conditioning

strengthens behavior by removing unpleasant consequence

• Ex: child doesnt do a chore due to improvement of grades

1. Attention
2. Retention
3. Reproduction
4. Motivation

a belife in ones ability to perform a task successfully or to achieve a goal

can be achieved in 4 ways

1. Mastery experience
2. Vaicarious experience
3. Verbal persuasion
4. Emotional maintenance

1. Personal factors
2. Environment
3. Behavior

AKA short term memory

gathers and processes a limited amount of information chunks for a short period of time before they are either lost or stored

stores information in a virtually unlimited amount for an indefinite amount of time

• includes episodic (images of personal experiences), semantic (concepts, facts, problem solving skills), and procedural memory (knowledge about how to do things)

• scaffolding
• the role of structure in learning
• readiness for learning
• discovery learning

1. concrete: most visible and tangible (food, music, clothing, recreation)
2. behavioral: establishes a persons social roles through language, gender roles, family structure, and political learning
3. symbolic: actual values and beliefs

• "g factor"; general intelligence- individuals who score well in one cognitive test tend to do well on others

1. visual-spatial
2. verbal-linguistic
3. bodily-kinesthetic
4. logical-mathematical
5. interpersonal
6. musical
7. intrapersonal
8. naturalistic

1. auditory
2. visual-spatial
3. kinesthetic

• some researchers suggest that reading and writing should be added to this list

Humanistic Theory of Motivation

(Maslow's Hiearchy of Needs)

• Deficiancy Needs
• Physiological- food, shelter, water
• Safety- freedom from physical/emotional abuse
• Belonging- love and acceptance
• Self-Esteem- recognition/approval from others
• Growth Needs
• Self-Actualization- intellectual achievement, aesthetic appreciation, personal growth

Behavioral Theory of Motivation

(BF Skinner)

Social Cognitive Theory of Motivation 

(Albert Bandura)

• Mastery Goal- desire to achieve competence in a subject area for its own sake
• Performance Goal- desire to achieve competence in order to recieve outside recognition, such as higher grades

• Autonomy- need to exert control over their lives
• Competence- need to deal with environment effectively
• Relatedness- need to maintain relationships based on a sense of shared experience

Bloom's Taxonomy

(3 areas)

1. Knowledge-Based: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, evalutation, synthesis
2. Skill-Based: perception,set, guided response, mechanism, complex overt response, adaptation, organization
3. Affective- Based: recieving, responding, valuing, organization, internalization of values

Audience

Behavior

Content

Degree

1. Curricular level
2. Unit level
3. Lesson level

• Notes about the topic and objectives
• Prereqs students should have/ask to recall
• Preferred approach/ steps for presenting lesson
• Method of assessing achievement

1. Teacher-directed
2. Student-directed
3. Experiental-directed
4. Independent
5. Interactive

focuses on overall classroom needs

Ex: "I can't hear students questions when..."

5 knowledge facts needed for teaching in culturally and linguistically diverse classes

(Dawn Abt-Perkins & Lois Matz Rosen)

1. Self-knowledge
2. Cultural knowledge
3. Linguistic knowledge
4. Culturally Informed Teaching knowledge
5. Knowledge of Multicultural and Literacy Methods

• feedback to students
• feedback to teachers
• info to parents
• info for selection and certification
• info for accountability
• incentures for student effort

• formative assessment tool used to check student progress in basic academic areas
• students briefly tested once or twice every week
• responses are recorded and scored and plotted on a graph for comparison to expected performance

• end of chapter
• end of semester
• standardized national
• entrance exams
• mandated statewide

• Achievement- find out what students know or can do at a particular time
• Aptitude- predict a persons ability to learn or perform certain skills
• Ability- measure students abilities most commonly associated with success

• observation
• acecdotal records
• checklists
• work samples
• portfolios
• event sampling/ time sampling
• interviews
• spontaneous assessment

• Performance-based
• Authentic
• Group projects

Reliability

Standardization

Validity

Practicality

• Mean- average of group scores
• Median- score in the middle
• Mode- score that occurs the most often
• Range- difference between highest and lowest

shows how many standard deviations above/below a score is

z score= (Raw score-mean)/standard deviation

• prepare at beginning of 5 year cycle
• includes professional goals, continuion training education, SMART guidelines (Specific, Measureable, Attainable, Results-oriented, Time-bound)