Term
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Definition
1. The visceral pleura adheres to the lung on all its surfaces
2. It is reflected at the root of the lung and continues as parietal pleura |
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Term
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Definition
-adheres to the chest wall, diaphragm, and pericardial sac
-costal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal, cervical |
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Term
| Right and Left Costodiaphragmatic Recesses |
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Definition
-slitlike spaces between the costal and diaphragmatic parietal pleura
-during inspiration, the lungs descend into the right and left costodiaphragmatic recesses (appear dark on xray)
-expiration: lungs ascend so costal and diaphragmatic pleura come together and the radiolucency disappears on xray
-pt in standing position: excess fluid within pleural cavity accumulates in recesses |
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Term
| Right and Left Costomediastinal Recesses |
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Definition
-slitlike spaces between the costal and mediastinal parietal pleura
-inspiration: ant borders of both lungs expand and enter recesses, lingula of left lung expands and enters portion of left recess (causes recess to be dark on xray)
-expiration: ant borders of both lungs redede and exit recesses |
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Term
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Definition
-Visceral Pleura: pulmonary plexus pain INSENSITIVE (ant and post to lung), parasympathetic (vagus) preganglionic, sympathetic postganglionic, visceral afferent touch/stretch
-parietal: phrenic/intercostal nerve pain SENSITIVE |
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Term
| Vasculature of Visceral Pleura |
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Definition
- bronchial arteries (right, superior left, inferior left)
-pulmonary veins (R-from azygos, L-from accessory hemiazygos) |
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Term
| Vasculature of Parietal Pleura |
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Definition
-arteries/veins of thoracic wall
-intercostal, internal thoracic, musculophrenic |
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Term
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Definition
-composed of 16 to 20 u-shaped hyaline cartilage rings and the trachealis muscle
-begins just inferior to cricoid cartilage (C6) and ends bifurcates at sternal angle (T4)to R/L main bronchus (last tracheal ring forms the carina-raised ridge of tissue) |
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Term
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Definition
-short, wide, vertical
-turns to right at more shallow angle than left bronchus (aspiration more likely here)
-branches into 3 lobar bronchi (upper, middle, lower) and 10 segmental bronchi |
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Term
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Definition
-inferior to aorta
-branches into 2 lobar bronchi (upper, lower)and 8 to 10 segmental bronchi |
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Term
| Bronchopulmonary Segments |
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Definition
Contains:
-pyramidal shape
-tertiary segmental bronchus
-branch of pulmonary artery and bronchial artery (run together through central part of segment)
-tributaries of pulmonary vein found at periphery |
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Term
| Aspiration of Foreign Objects |
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Definition
| -when pt sitting/standing, aspirated material usually enters R lower lobar bronchus and lodges w/in posterior basal bronchopulmonary segment (#10) of the right lower lobe |
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Term
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Definition
-3 lobes (upper, middle, lower) separated by horizontal and oblique fissures
-horizontal fissure runs at costal cartilage 4 and meets oblique fissure at midaxillary line
-diaphragmatic surface consists of middle and lower lobes |
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Term
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Definition
-two lobes (upper and lower) separated by oblique fissure
-upper lobe contains cardiac notch (for L ventricle/pericardial sac)
-lingula just beneath cardiac notch
-diaphragmatic surface consists of lower lobe |
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Term
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Definition
Root of the lung
-bronchi
-pulmonary artery/veins (2)
-pulmonary plexus (nerves)
-lymphatics |
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Term
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Definition
| -anterior to ascending aorta and travels in sup-post direction to left side for about 5 cm and birufcates into R and L pulmonary arteries (carry deoxygenated blood to lung for aeration) |
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Term
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Definition
-runs horizontally toward hilus beneath arch of aorta
-posterior to ascending aorta and SVC
-anterior to R main bronchus |
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Term
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Definition
-shorter and narrower
-connected to arch of aorta by ligamentus arteriosum
**pulmonary arteries (R&L)branch to follow airways to level of terminal bronchioles and form pulmonary capillary plexus |
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Term
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Definition
-carry oxygenated bloow to parenchyma of lung
-R is branch of post intercostal a.
-2 L arteries are branches of thoracic aorta
-branch to follow airways to level of terminal bronchioles and drain into pulmonary capillary plexus (70% bronchial blood drains)
-arteries that supply large bronchi drain into bronchial veins (30% bronchial blood drains into bronchial veins) |
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Term
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Definition
-carry oxygenated blood from pulmonary capillary plexus and deoxygenated bronchial blood to left atrium
-5 veins that drain each lobe |
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Term
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Definition
-carry deoxygenated blood from bronchial arteries that supply large bronchi
-R drains into azygos vein
-L drains into accessory hemiazygos vein |
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Term
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Definition
-anterior/posterior pulmonary plexuses (located ant/post to root of lung at hilus)
-parasympathetic: vagus - bronchoconstriction, increase glandular secretion - afferent sensory "rides with vagus" touch/stretch
-Sympathetic: Intermediolateral cell column to paravertebral ganglion - bronchodilation, vasoconstriction (bronchodilation also from circulating epinephrine from adrenal medulla), sensory-pain sensation |
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Term
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Definition
-Upper lobe: ant-sup aspect of thorax
-lower lobe: post-inf aspect of back
-middle lobe(R lung): ant thorax near sternum just inf to intercostal space 4 |
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Term
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Definition
-incomplete expansion of alveoli (in neonates)or collapse of alveoli (in adults)
-microatlectasis: generalized inability of lung to expand due to loss of surfactant (usually seen in NRDS and ARDS) |
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Term
| Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome |
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Definition
-caused by deficiency of surfactant, which may occur due to prolonged intrauterine asphyxia in premature infants or infants of diabetic mothers
-clinical findings: hypoxemia causing pulmonary vasoconstriction, pulmonary hypoperfusion, capillary endothelium damage |
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Term
| Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome |
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Definition
-secondary surfactant deficiency due to other primary pathologies that damage either alveolar cells or capillary endothelial cells in lung
-clinical term for diffues alveolar damage leading to respiratory failure |
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Term
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Definition
| -occlusion of pulmonary arteries or branches by embolic blood clot originating from DVT in leg or pelvic area |
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Term
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Definition
-abnormal, permanent dilation of bronchi due to chronic necrotizing infection(staph), bronchial obstruction, or congenital conditions (CF)
-lower lobes/bronchi have saccular appearence
-cough, fever, foul sputum |
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Term
| Obstructive Lung Diseases |
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Definition
-characterized by an increase in airway resistance due to narrowing of lumen(particularly expiratory airflow)
-asthma/COPD/chronic bronchitis |
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Term
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Definition
-caused by production of abnormally thick mucus by epithelial cells lining respiratory (and GI) tract.
-results in obstruction of airways and recurrent bacterial infections
-autosomal recessive genetic disorder |
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Term
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Definition
-35% incidence, most common lung cancer in nonsmokers
-arises from distal airways and alveoli
-forms gray-white mass
-40% not diagnosed until stage 4 (symptoms mimic other things) |
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Term
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Definition
-most closely assoc with smoking history
-arises from larger bronchi due to injury of bronchial epithelium followed by regeneration from basal layer in from of squamous metaplasia
-begins as red plaque, grows to large mass |
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Term
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Definition
-2nd most common assoc w/ smoking
-arises from larger bronchi
-large, soft, gray-white masses and contains small oval-shaped "oat cells" (neuroendocrine cells)
-highly malignant and agressive |
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Term
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Definition
-assoc with nonsmoking history
-can be found anywhere in lung
-neuroendocrine neoplasm
-diarrhea, wheezing |
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