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Definition
1. Cephalus':justice involves paying one's debts and not lying
2. Polemarchus': justice is rendering to each his/her due; justice is doing good to friends and harm to enemies
3. Thrasymachus': justice is the rule of the stronger
Socrates poses questions that disqualify these views. |
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Definition
balance between three parts of soul (reason, spirit, and appetitive)
socrates says justice is psychic harmony b/w the reason, spiritual, and appetitive parts of the soul while ruled by justice |
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| Myth of the Ring of Gyges |
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Definition
| When the ring is put on, the wearer becomes invisible. By becoming invisible, all benefits of acting justly disappear (one can do as he pleases without fear of retribution.) Both a just man and an unjust man act the same when they know they will not be found out. |
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1. Reason: searches for truth & knowledge; rules other parts of soul
2. Spirited: delights in victory, honor and pride; involves emotions
3. Appetitive: biggest/strongest thing in the human; food- drink- sleep- sex; unreasoning
(remember: all three must be balanced for psychic harmony to exist) |
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1. Timocracy: related to the spirited part of the soul; similar to Aristocracy but has private property; breakdown of guardian class but guardians still rule; sharp distinction between guardians and producers; no long a sense of brotherhood/togetherness; guardians can have private property and possessions which leads to exploitation of producers; Timocratic soul loves honor and victory (this is found when attention to education is not paid); Timocrats have enlarged soul
2. Oligarchy: related to the appetitive part of the soul; life of money making; ruled by the rich and few; cynical about pursuing glory; divided into rich and poor, poor have no resources, rich only spend money on their own interests and not the common good; Oligarchic soul loves money; reason and spirit are forced to work in desire for money; don't want to be ruled by quests for honor or glory, just want money; divided within itself b/c the life of a moneymaker does not give substantial use of the soul
3. Democracy: related to the appetitive part of the soul; breakdown of unity is complete; no universal good; no universal govt.; individuals are encouraged to take on unique lifestyles and be tolerant; tolerate pluralism; Democracy in Athens was not at all like Plato described Democracy; Democratic soul pursues unnecessary desires; no inhibitions regarding spending
4. Tyranny: run by someone who is only out to see his own gain, not the good of the city; Tyrant not generally thought of as someone who is tyrannized; Tyrant soul must be dominated by no real notion of whole self, no conception of good of whole; lust is the motivation |
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| 4 Charges Against Socrates |
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Definition
1. physicalist
2. sophist
3. corruption of youth
4. impiety |
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