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Definition
| “require a journal to bring them every day, in the midst of their own minor concerns, some intelligence of the state of their public weal." |
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News and Truth are not the same thing;
“Every newspaper when it reaches the reader is the result of a whole series of selections as to what items shall be printed, in what position they shall be printed, how much space each should occupy, what emphasis each shall have |
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| Expectations of journalists; definitions of truth; obligation to truth |
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Definition
| • Penny papers “were spokesmen for egalitarian ideals in politics, economic and social life through their organization of sales, their solicitation of advertising, their emphasis on news, their catering to large audiences, their decreasing concern with the editorial…The penny papers expressed and built the culture of a democratic market society.” |
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Media isn't a monopoly--private ownership is good;
Oligopoly of media rather than monopoly. Media market has about 60 players, providing a strong, competitive market. |
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“The Death and Life of Great American Newspapers”
We have to come up with a plan to convert failing newspapers into journalistic entities with the express purpose of assuring that fully staffed, functioning and, ideally, competing newsrooms continue to operate in communities across the country. The only way to do this is by using tax policies, credit policies and explicit subsidies to convert the remains of old media into independent, stable institutions. |
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“Journalism Needs Government Help”
"We should think about American journalism as a mixed system, where the mission is to get the balance right.
To me a key priority is to strengthen our public broadcasting role in the global arena." |
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Definition
Telecommunications Act of 1996--allowed for one corp. to have a wider market share from 25% to 35%
“Corporate Ownership and News Bias: Newspaper Coverage of the 1996 Telecommunications Act”
content analysis and found that bigger papers had a more favorable view, whereas smaller papers didn't
OWNERSHIP MATTERS |
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Definition
trashy stories will bring in readers; emphasis on quick stories;
department of agriculture--small section of speech taken out of context with small blurbs for the sake of controversy or attracting readers
"traffic problems" |
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Definition
who controls the news?
most journalists are out of touch with regular people |
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Definition
Abortion bias
liberal bias--80-90% of journalists favor abortion rights
language is key
"restrictive" vs. "protective" |
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Definition
"Mainstream Media Finally Pounce on Edwards’ Affair"
backstory on JE |
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Definition
traditional media failed to break our the John Edwards scandals--sign that traditional media outlets don't have the agenda-setting outlets they once did (new news)
who sets the agenda
"Old Media Dethroned"
“When John Edwards admitted that he lied, it oratified an end to the era where traditional media set the agenda for national political journalism. The enquirer went with the story when no other major newspaper or broadcast outlet even reported the existence of the tabloid story, bloggers and online commentators redoubled their demands that the mainstream media explain their silence…” |
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Definition
"Feeding frenzy"
not coordinated efforts on behalf of media, but occur bc of structural factors inherent to news media
competition in press--wanting to break a story first
post Watergate era-->greater scrutiny into personal lives of political actors |
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Term
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Definition
"rise of new news"
on Matt Drudge
decline in quality of news sources
who to use as sources
news outlets aren't verifying--traditional news sources used to need 2 verifiable sources on a story
monica-gate scandal
blurring of lines--politicians becoming correspondants
“soft news” → news orgs are increasingly relying on soft news, or news that is easily digestible, often lacking real importance
blurring of lines between:
• Commentators or Reporters?
• Journalists or Politicians?
• Reporters or Participants? |
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Definition
Behind TV Analysts, Pentagon’s Hidden Hand
Pentagon used retired military officials serving as analysts for media in order to shape terrorism coverage from inside TV and influence the public support for Iraq War.
● Evidence shows that Bush administration used its access and control over information to create a “media trojan horse” - or a mechanism capable of influencing TV and radio from the inside - in the form of military analysts
Pentagon’s secret use of military analysts as “surrogates” on TV served the function of framing the Iraq War as a success for the public. The strategic use of decorated veterans who appear trustworthy and independent allowed the administration to defuse negative coverage of the war, without the publics knowledge. |
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Term
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Definition
Soundtrack for War
using music to frame moods towards war/war coverage
Music/sound effects distorted images (in this case of war) and manipulated viewer’s emotions to take a certain perspective contingent on the tone of music. Don’t hear much sound from this televised war.
emotionally appealing--"media's war carries a message and networks' theme music sanitizes war's darkest realities |
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Definition
“TV: A Missed Opportunity”
on embedded journalists--coverage = another perspective to view military--few restrictions, but it's still a combat zone
Rumsfeld says journalists were reporting "The tiny slices of reality" so the stories were lacking. What was needed were stories like those of embedded journalists in Vietnam who pieced together full, in depth stories even though it took longer
Embedded journalism could give hints that the initiative in Iraq wasn't exactly working |
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Term
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Definition
“Hard Lessons”
o Review of accuracy and embedded reporting: B+
o Did we get a big picture from all of the tiny individual reports?: B+
o Grade for consistency (positive to negative): C-
o Did the media fall for the Pentagon’s spin? Yes: C-
o Grade for balance and objectivity: C
“Defining news in the Middle East” (2004) Opposes embedding. |
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Term
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Definition
Nixon/Kennedy first televised debate
• Experiment: Participants either watch televised version of Kennedy-Nixon debate or listened to audio version
• Findings: Television Images have significant effects: They affect overall debate evaluations, prime people to rely more on personality perceptions in their evaluations, and enhance what people learn
TV images have an independent effect on individuals’ political judgments: they elevate the importance of perceived personality factors, which can in turn alter overall evaluations
personality contest |
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Term
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Definition
• The 2008 presidential campaign was completely one sided. Reporters from ABC, NBC, and CBS all gave Obama the most favorable amount of news coverage out of all of the observed campaigns since 1988
• Obama received the most positive coverage (75%) than any other candidate in the past 20 years. Obama had the leads in the polls and horse-race evaluations of the Democrat was nearly three times as positive as McCain’s coverage |
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Term
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Definition
rise of character and game frames
bush and gore (pedantic gore) (bush = compassionate/conservative)
Gore’s was dominated by 2 frames- a personality frame emphasizing his stiffness, ambition, and possible ethical lapses, and a strategic frame focusing on the inability of his campaign to organize effective and catch fire with the public
Game frame -->political frames as strategic and for the overall race
basically confirms PATTERSONS thesis |
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Term
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Definition
| "news is what someone somewhere wants to suppress, the rest is advertising" |
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Term
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Definition
describing ads
explicit/implicit messages
television advertising in election campaign
stereotyping, code words, association, demonization
how ads are financed/where they run/attack ads/swing states |
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Term
| Freedman, Franz, and Goldstein |
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Definition
Campaign Advertising and Democratic Citizenship
• Informational hypothesis: citizens exposed to campaign advertising will actually learn something about the candidate and their messages
Not necessarily for other campaigns besides senate
• Engagement hypothesis: due to both the informational and emotional content of campaign ads, ad exposure will cause people to become more interested with a campaign, more cognitively and affectively involved with a campaign, and ultimately more likely to participate on Election Day.
• Differential effects hypothesis: the effects of TV ad exposure will be greatest among those who need the information the most: citizens with lower levels of political information to begin with. |
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Term
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Definition
demobilize moderates and polarize electorate
antidemocratic threat is serious with negative ads
they do learn from ads--but its mainly about demobilization |
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Term
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Definition
“Measuring Media Exposure and the Effects
of Negative Campaign Ads.”
• Study stepping outside of the lab to measure the effects of campaign advertising on voter turnout. Finds that there is no “demobilization effect”, in fact negative ads stimulate people to come out and vote. |
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Term
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Definition
Spiral of Cynicism: The Press and the Public Good
The cynic tends to believe that politicians and political candidates are “Machiavellian partisans” uninterested in the public good. From this point of view any action by the candidate, however noble, can be reduced to strategy and self-interest.
cynicism v.s skepticism--skepticism is better for democratic processes
1) strategic frames for political news activate cynical responses to politicians, politics, governance, campaigns and policy formation.
2) Issue frames, by contrast, may depress cynical reactions or, at least, fail to activate them” p. 139
Test with experiments: Support for a, inconsistent support for b.
Conclusion: strategic news frames increase cynicism. |
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Term
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Definition
daily show and reinvention of journalism
“Daily Show thoroughly effaces the boundaries between information and entertainment, drawing equally from traditions of network news and late-night talk to produce a powerful, discursively integrated kind of public affairs programming- a comedy show that has become one of the best sources of news and the most critical voice on contemporary television.”
information vs. entertainment |
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Term
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Definition
“Journalism, Satire or Just Laughs? ‘The Daily Show with Jon Stewart,’ Examined.”
-The program’s clearest focus is politics in Washington and Foreign Affairs. Overall its news agenda greatly resembles that of cable news channels
-The Press itself is a significant focus (8 % of the segments focused on the media itself)
-A good deal of the news is also absent from the daily show
-For example the single largest story on any given week in 2007 was the Virginia Tech shooting—but this was absent from the daily show.
-In 2007 the Bush Administration was the focus of almost a quarter (22 %) of the segments
-The lineup of on air guests was evenly balanced but republican guests received harsher criticism. (Whether this was because the show is liberal or because Republicans had control of the White House is hard to pin down). |
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Term
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Definition
political sins of jon stewart
Stewart’s culture of cynicism is hard to reject because it rests so securely within
those of us raised on television, persons who have come to believe that the only way of seeming smart is to sound like Jon Stewart |
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Term
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Definition
Relief in Hard Times: A Defense of Jon Stewart’s Comedy in an Age of Cynicism
Cynicism seems to be part of a contemporary civic tool kit that tends to be used along with
other tools, such as the daily news, to produce healthy levels of knowledgeable engagement with the
political process
1. Are more informed about politics
2. More likely to follow politics
3. Score higher on civic knowledge measures |
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Term
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Definition
The Daily Show and Colbert Report play several important roles once filled exclusively by professional journalists. They provide interviews with figures from academia, culture, politics, and media, and commentary on pressing public issues. The Daily Show and Colbert Report increases the demand for high quality journalism by demonstrating, in an entertaining way, the implications of shoddy and ideologically driven political information passed off as news
-Positives: Helps viewers better understand the political world, Encourages civic engagement and debate, Helps citizens navigate the information environment by providing a critical perspective on political, economic, and media elites, Holds journalism accountable
-Negatives: No accountability, Does not cover tragic events, The Strange Disappearance of Civic America
Pretty much in line with Bennet
"should fake news be held to real standards" |
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Term
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Definition
“The Strange Disappearance of Civic America”
*Busy-ness and time pressures,Economic hard times, Residential mobility, Suburbanization
Movement of women into the labor force/ two career families, Disruption of marriage and family ties
Change in the structure of the American economy (Chain stores),The sixtiesv(Vietnam, Watergate, Cultural revolt against authority, Growth of welfare state, The civil rights revolution, Television,Test)
-Results: The Culprit is Television- The timing fits. The rise in television corresponded with the decline in civic engagement. |
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Term
| Telecommunications Act of 1996 |
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Definition
made it easier for large media companies(newspaper and tv owners) to grow. Made it easier for TV owning companies to own multiple properties.
increased % of national audience reached by local stations owned by the same owner to 35% (from 25%)
Now at 39% after 45% in 2003 |
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Term
| 6 largest media conglomerates |
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Definition
| Newscorp, Time Warner, Disney, Viacom, CBS, GE. |
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Term
| Communications Act of 1934 |
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Definition
| FCC was created under this. FCC continues to regulate the private electronic media to ensure that they “serve the public interest, convenience, and necessity” |
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Term
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Definition
A BIPARTISAN BODY APPOINTED BY THE PRESIDENT AND CONFIRMED BY THE SENATE
ONLY controls OVER-the-air television. Does not control print. |
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Term
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Definition
| The work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law |
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Term
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Definition
| Language or material that, in context, depicts or describes, in terms patently offensive as measures by contemporary community standards for the broadcast medium, sexual or excretory organs or activities |
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Term
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Definition
| A systematic deviation from reality, objectivity, and the truth. reality, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small number of journalists have control over story choices |
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Term
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Definition
A CBS Insider exposes how the media distorts the news
says there's a heavy liberal media bias |
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Term
| anticipatory self-censorship |
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Definition
The anticipation that superiors might disapprove of this or that story is usually enough to discourage a reporter from writing it, or an editor from assigning it. Many of the limitations placed on reporting come not from direct censorship but from self-censorship
Parenti Article |
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Term
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Definition
| Graber: based on indirect observation, we infer that the coverage is bias. Just because we think they are biased, doesn’t mean they are. |
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Term
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Definition
Goldberg: Not looking at journalists, or public opinion---talks about the journalism produced. To do this is harder.
Goldberg at his best does this. He tells us about journalism, and about the journalists. |
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Term
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Definition
| presumes that the role of the media/journalists is to investigate uncover and publicize corruption scandal, abuse of power from important people who try to hide it→ arouse public opinion→ pressure on politicians and reformers policy consequences, reforms, removal from office, prosecution. |
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Term
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Definition
| • Media builds public agenda when they create the political context that shapes public opinion so that they can construct political climates, climates for science policies, can construct social movements and interest groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| A story line or central organizing idea that calls attention to some aspects of the story, connects events to one another, and thereby helps us understand what they mean. |
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Term
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Definition
• Drudge View: Information we know wants to be freed, heard, it needs a voice. Drudge provides this liberating mechanism. Against old school. If its out there, people deserve to know.
• Cronkite view: Just anything that someone says? That’s news? NO! Journalism ought to involve judgment. Journalism ought to be more. Editing beyond grammar. |
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Term
| Kalb's 4 characteristics for "new" news |
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Definition
• 1. Sourcing: Decline in quantity and quality of sources. Traditional practice of having two sources has been tainted by Monica-gate.
• 2. “out there” Standard for legitimacy has been so lowered by the rise of the new news, the fact that the story is “out there” is worth reporting. Threshold for legitimacy has been so lowered.
• 3. Rush to judgment—Non scandal Kerry scandal. Due to the 24 hour news cycle, need to report quickly and constantly
• 4. Blurring the lines—the blurring of the lines of personal. Political actors and journalist actors. |
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Term
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Definition
| off the record discussion giving important background information that they honor bound to keep entirely secret or to publish only without revealing source |
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Term
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Definition
| release of information by high- and low level government officials who wish to remain anonymous or who do not want to release the info formally |
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Term
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Definition
Media generally emphasize the governments position until many respected sources voice strong dissent.
The media “index” their coverage to the degree of disagreement by powerful political leaders with the governments position |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that graphic media coverage of events abroad on occasion forces the US government to engage in unplanned and undesired interventions |
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Term
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Definition
| traitor. Providing info that those people who I work for do not want leaked! Self interests of the individual leaker conflict with their higher ups! May be self interested, may be that the person believes that the public needs to know |
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Term
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Definition
| My boss knows I’m talking to you…Wanted info put out there but didn’t want to be sourced |
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Term
| Freedom of Information Act |
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Definition
| law provides citizens with important access to government documents (1966) |
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Term
| “Journalistic integrity, you know, fact-based reporting, serious investigative reporting, how to retain those ethics in all these different new media and how to make sure that it's paid for, is really a challenge. But it's something that I think is absolutely critical to the health of our democracy." |
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Definition
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Term
| In the wake of the 2004 Superbowl Halftime show, CBS/Viacom was initially fined by the FCC how much money? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| how long visitors spend on a site, how many pages they view and how often they return |
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Term
| A private, nonprofit corporation created by Congress in 1967; its mission is to provide funding for, facilitate the development of, and ensure universal access to, non-commercial high-quality programming and telecommunications services. It does this in conjunction with non-commercial educational telecommunications licensees across America. |
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Definition
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Term
| "were spokesmen for egalitarian ideals in politics, economic life, and social life through their organization of sales, their solicitation of advertising, their emphasis on news, their catering to large audiences, their decreasing concern with the editorial." |
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Definition
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Term
| “In sum, concentrated corporate control of the media has produced a broadcast journalism that is great at generating profit, pleasing advertisers, and protecting powerful institutions from scrutiny, but lousy at what it’s supposed to do: informing the citizenry and confronting abuses of power. If we are serious about democracy, we need decent journalism. And to get decent journalism, we need to make fundamental reforms in our media system.” |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| legislation bars the domestic broadcast of Voice of America (and other forms of "domestic propaganda") |
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Term
| This newspaper company begin with in 1857 with the Daily Bee in Sacremento, CA. In 2006 it acquired Knight Ridder, then the nation’s second-largest newspaper publisher with 32 newspapers, for $4.5 billion in cash and stock |
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Definition
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Term
| Starbucksification of Media |
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Definition
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Term
| Television is Americans' main source of political news. (t/f?) |
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Definition
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Term
| Younger Americans are more likely to watch cable news than network news. (t/f?) |
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Definition
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Term
| “…what carries a story is not necessarily its truth or importance, but whether it is driven by dominant officials within institutional decision-making arenas. . . The advantage generally goes to those officials with the greatest perceived power to affect the issues or events at hand, the greatest capacity to use the levers of office to advance their news narratives on a regular basis, and the best communication operations to spin their preferred narratives well.” |
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Definition
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Term
| inferential claims of bias |
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Definition
| Suggesting that the media are biased because a majority of reporters self-identify as liberal Democrats |
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Term
| Americans are more likely to rely on newspapers than television to get local news. (T/F?) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Imagine that researchers seek to test the hypothesis that exposure to partisan newspapers has persuasive effects on readers. In a survey of the general population, they find that readers of Republican Bugle are more likely to vote Republican, while readers of Democratic Gazette are more likely to vote Democratic. Which of the following should the researchers be most concerned about |
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Term
| Partisan polarization in cable news viewership has been evident since at least the late 1990s. (T/F?) |
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Definition
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Term
| hypodermic model of media effects |
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Definition
| the mass media can have large effects on political attitudes and behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| The press coverage attending any political event or circumstance where a critical mass of journalists leap to cover the same embarrassing or scandalous subject and pursue it intensely, often excessively, and sometimes uncontrollably |
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Term
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Definition
‘‘a litigious
monologue’’ that ‘‘appeals to an imaginary adversary and as such is an exposition
more than an argument, since there is only room for one main speaker’’
Hart and Hartelius article |
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Term
| Bennett, Lawrence, and Livingston |
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Definition
When the Press Fails
Indexing = implicit weighing of key elements according to positions of power blocs = when the press FAILS
When the press debates and scrutinizes issues, but works with the political system = SUCCESS
ABU GHRAIB = FAIL
KATRINA = SUCCESS |
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Term
| How do political actors use the media? |
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Definition
set and control the agenda
frame the discussion |
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Term
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Definition
Out of Order
Identifies trends after 1992 elections; Says the system is broken; US cannot have a sensible campaign because campaigns are structured around news media rather than the other way around |
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Term
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Definition
term by Patterson that resembles media frames
"cognitive structures to process new information and retrieve old information; mental framework constructed from past experiences that helps make sense of new information" |
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Term
| Lead vs. Vividness Hypothesis |
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Definition
Iyengar/Kinder
Lead = news stories that appear at the top of the broadcasr have strong effects CONFIRMED
Vividness - news stories that are more personalized will not convince the audience or set national priorities REJECTED |
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Term
| Problems with Iyengar and Kinder's experiment? (3) |
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Definition
1) participants might be more attentive knowing it was an experiment
2) college town --> higher presence of college students
3) always subject to variables |
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Term
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Definition
Iyengar (2000)
case-study or event oriented report
DOMINATE |
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Term
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Definition
Iyengar (2000)
places issues in more general, abstract context |
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Term
| Older people depend on these news sources: (2) |
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Definition
| Newspaper and broadcast television |
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Term
| Younger people depend on these news sources (2) |
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Definition
| Internet and cable television |
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Term
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Definition
| Micro-applied agenda setting (I/K); By calling attention to some matters while ignoring others, television news influences the standards by which governments, presidents, policies, and candidates for office are judged. |
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Term
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Definition
Word made up by Freedman;
mix of ads and the number of ads you have seen depending on what the political and electoral context looks like |
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Term
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Definition
Fundamental goal of advertisement:
Do I align with this candidate on:
Policy/ideology
Character
Background |
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Term
| Campaign advertising = 3 goals |
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Definition
1) persuasion
2) reinforcement/mobilization of voters
3)de-energizing of opponent's base |
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