Symplast- water moves through the cells, which allows plant regulation

Apoplast- movement of water between cells

When salt is pumped out of the guard cells, they become flaccid and the stomata close.

When salt is pumped into the guard cells, they come turgid and the stomata open.

Phloem! Sources are where food originiates (such as photosynthesis in leaves. Also known as producers.

Sinks are where food is used (roots in winter, leaves in summer). Also known as producers.

Positive- will mean the plant is going towards that stimulus

Negative- will mean the plant is going away from that stimulus

Gravi- gravity

Photo- light

Some others

Darwin Experiment

Jensen experiment

Darwin discovered tips are reponsible for movement towards light.

Jensen disovered that whatever chemical is responsible is water soluble

Lot's a shit.

Cause apical dominance (noticeable in cone shaped trees). Induce vascular tissue growth. Mediate phototropism. Promote adventitious roots. Stimulate fruit development. Inhibit leave and fruit drop. Influences abscission layer that causes leaves to fall by disentegrating.

Another growth hormone

Promote cell division. Influence cell specialization and aging. Activate secondary meristem development. Promote adventitious root growth. Promote shoot developmet on callus.

Growth again.

Stimulate cell division and cell elongation. Stimulate stem elongation and flowering, but nothing in root. Promote seed germination**. In biennials, produced big time to in second year to cause the plant to shoot.

What is a phytochrome?

What does it sense?

A protein + a chromophore (molecule that sense red light).

Pr- red light that is sensed during dawn

Pfr- far red light that is sensed during dusk; dark conversion can convert it back to Pr.

The inflorescence meristem, which turns into the floral meristem, which produces sepals, petals, stamens and carpels.

Vegetative --> flowering state

Homeotic genes. Homeotic genes A, B and C produce flower parts.

Sepals are produced by A.

Petals are produced by A and B.

Stamens are produced by B and C.

Carpels are produced by C.

Annual- flowering once per year

Biennial- flowering every other year

Perennial- flowering multiple times throughout the year

Night. Lenght of night is what let's them determine if it is the right time to flower or not (short day vs. long day plants)

Interrupting the night will disrupt the flowering process of plants. Interrupting the day will have no effect.

The anther is the piece ontop. It produces pollen.

Filament is the structure that holds it up. The supporting stalk. Prevents self pollination.

Ovary- at the base; the fruit develops here; contains ovule which contains seeds (female gametophyte)

Style- stalk that arises from ovary

Stigma- on the top; releases sticky secretions that provide a place for pollen to stick to.

Perfect- flower contains all parts (sepal, petal, stamen and pistils)

Imperfect- unisex, contains only male or female

Staminate- contains only male structures

Carpellate/Pistillate- contains only female structures

Monoecious- married and living in the same house (contains both male and female flowers)

Dioecious- divorced and living in spearate houses (contains only one gender of flower)

1. Imbibition of water activates embry to release giberellic acid/giberellins
2. Causes the release of amylase that then breaks down the starch in the endosperm that feeds growth
3. Growing embryo then bursts out of seed-- hypoctyl emerges above the soil and pulls out cotyledons, or the coleoptile in grass seedlings shoots out

Protoderm becomes the outermost dermal tissue

Ground meristems become ground tissue (all the -chyma layers)

• Substantial rain
• Natural fires (clears competition)
• Vernalization (cold external temp.)
• Light
• Partial Digestion

1. Sepals
2. Petals
3. Stamen
4. Pisitils

1. Vessels support rapid seasonal growth
2. Deciduous life history (drop leaves)
3. Flowers to attract pollinators

Stimulators- auxin, cytokinin, giberellin

Inhibitors- ethylene, abscisic acid

1. Simple diffusions
2. Limitations imposed by increased 3D size
3. Osmolar concentration & osmosis
4. Water potential- water concentration diffusion
5. Turgor presure

1. Cuticle- waxy coating
2. Epidermis- single layer of cells
3. Mesophyll- middle layer; palisade (against epidermis) and spongy (further down)
4. Guard cells- modified epithelial cells
5. Stomata- stoma (singular); opening

• Open when water, CO_2, sunlight are available
• Blue light receptor and circadian rhythm
• Photosynthetic decrease in CO₂ (increase in pH) in guard cell
• Abscisic acid (stress) --> close

Tracheids- elongated & tapered cells connect to pits (smaller)

Vessel elements- short, stacked pipes; vessel elements form vessels (what xylem sap from roots to leaves)

- Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are used to make CarbOHydrates

-Nitrogen used to make proteins and nucleic acid

-Potassium major osmotic salt used to move water

-Calcium used as second messenger in cell walls

-Magnesium important for ATP metabolism and in chlorophyll

-Phosphorous in phospholipids, ATP and membrane

-Sulfur in amino acids

CuZn MoMn FeBCl (Cousin moeman feebickle)

Function as enzymes and cofactors

-Through the enzymed nitrogenase (converts nitrogen in air to ammonia, uses lots of ATP)

-Symbiotic bacteria from legumes

1. These bacterai live in the roots of the legume family. The make leghemoglobin
2. Leghemoglobin bind and holds oxygen, allowing for the nitrogen fixation process (creates nitrate, which plants can absorb)