• lack vasculat tissue
• life cycle dominated by gametophyte generation
• zygote attached to gametophyte, sporophyte grows out of gametophyte, asexually produces spores

• Phylum Hepatophyta
• leafy or thalloid gametophyte 
• air pores for gas exchange

• Phylum Anthocerophyta 
• colonize open, moist habitats
• cuticle-waxy coating
• stomata-opening for gas exchange
• guard cells-control stomata

• Phylum Bryophya
• leafy structure w/o veins, absorb H₂O and nutrients
• non-vascular, conducting cells, rhizoid
• sporophyte grows from gametophyte
• Sphagnum-carbon sink, peat, widespread

transports water and minerals

made of tracheids and vessels - dad cells strengthened by lignin

club mosses, spike mosses, quilworts

epiphytes - plants that grow on plants

• ferns - widespread, moist, can be very large
• horsetails-temperate areas, hollow stem with silica
• whick ferns-ferns that lack leaves and roots

1. reduction of gametophye
2. heterospores - male and female
3. ovules - protection enclosing megasporangium, seed - coat with food supply for embryo
4. Pollen Grains - male gametophyte, dispersal, resistance, no water

• gametophyte - haploid, produces gametes
• sporophyte - diploid, produces spores asexually

• where a large number of spores are produced
• Sporopollenin - complex polymer coating of spores and pollen, sticky, protective 

• green algae, plant like - peroxisome enzymes, flagellated sperm, DNA
• phragmoplast - cytoskeleton forms new cell plate

Cyadophyta - Mezozoic, male and female cones on different plants 

Ginkophyta - 1 species, fan-like leaves, strange yellow fruit

Gnetophyta - some tropical some desert

Coniferophyta - conifers, large, long-lived, dominate northern forests  

• flowering plants, diploid sporophyte produces microspores - asexual
• cross polination - pollen transfered to stigma - double fertilization, forms triploid endosperm
• embryo and endosperm enclosed in integument - becomes seed covered in fruit

Monocots - 1 cotyledon, parallel venation, vascular tissue scattered, fibrous roots, 3 unit floral arrangement 

Dicots - 2 cotyledons, netlike venation, vascular tissue in a ring, taproot, 4 or 5 unit floral arrangement