angiosperm = flowering plants

monocot and dicot

one cotyledon

narrow leaves

parallel leaf veins

many vascular bundles in stem

two cotyledons

broad leaves

branched leaf veins

vascular bundles around edge of stem

leaves

roots

branches

on lower epidermus of lear

openings that allow diffusion of CO2, water vapor, and oxygen between leaf interior and the atmosphere

photosynthetic layer

densely packed elongated cells

control the size of stomata

open and close stomata

open during the dat to admit CO2 for photosynthesis

Close at night to limit loss of water vapor through transpiration

Controls opening and closing of guard cells

abundant water guard cells swell

sparse water guard cells clamp down and shut (conserve water)

responsible for phototropism

light hits side = auxins decrease = growth reduced compared to dark side

plant bends toward slower growing side

growth of portions of plants away from gravity

negative geotropism = shoots grow upward, against gravity

gravity increases auxin concentration of side of plant toward direction of gravity

growth towards direction of gravity

i.e. roots grow down

plant hormones stimulate rapid stem elongation

inhibit the formation of new roots

promote cell dividsion

kinetin

blocks growth of stems in plant

promotes dormancy and reduces damage that would be caused by harsh weather during cold periods

perform most of the metabolic functions of the plant

mesophyll is made of parynchema cells = photosynthesis

more rigid

form hardened fibers throughout the plant, lose their cytoplasm

form thick hard cell walls

coat seeds and hard outsides of nuts

specialized cells, make up the xylem

transport water, form long spiral tubes that stretch as the plant elongates

make up the phloem

lose organelles as they mature

carry glucose-rich fluid from cell to cell and leaves to roots

thick epidermal tissue

forms outer coverings of the plant

waxy cuticle of leaves

root hairs

xylem and phloeum

used to transport material around the plant