Term
| what are the 3 opathys of uncontrolled diabetes? |
|
Definition
| retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diminished function fo peripheral sensory nerves |
|
|
Term
| what is a complication of neuropathy? |
|
Definition
| ulceration/wounds in foot that progress into tissue with bacterial infection, resulting in amputation |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 tarsal bones? |
|
Definition
| talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, 3 cuneiforms |
|
|
Term
| which tarsal bone is covered in cartilage and attached to no muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which tarsal bone has a groove for the fibularis longus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which muscle has a tendon that is like a sling supporting our foot? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the base of the metatarsal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the head of the metatarsal? |
|
Definition
| distal, articulates with proximal phalange |
|
|
Term
| what is at the base of the 5th metatarsal? |
|
Definition
| tuberosity for insertion of fibularis brevis |
|
|
Term
| what will fracture from a fall from ladder/jump in which you land on your rearfoot? |
|
Definition
| calcaneus, lower lumbar vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| what is the prognosis for a calcaneal fracture that involves the subtalar joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what foot bone fractures during forced dorsiflexion injuries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for a talar fracture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can happen with a fracture through the neck of the talus? |
|
Definition
| interrupt vascualar supply causing avascular necrosis and death of talus |
|
|
Term
| where does fibularis brevis tendon insert? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does fibularis brevis tendon do during inversion ankle injuries (ankle sprains)? |
|
Definition
| fibularis brevis tendon reflexively contracts attempting to evert ankle |
|
|
Term
| what can happen when fibularis brevis tendon contracts to evert ankle during an ankle inversion injury? |
|
Definition
| contraction can avluse or fracture base of metatarsal bone |
|
|
Term
| what is the plantar fascia? |
|
Definition
| deep fascia of the plantar surface |
|
|
Term
| what is the plantar aponeurosis? |
|
Definition
| thick central part of the plantar fascia |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the plantar aponeurosis? |
|
Definition
| protects underlying neurovascular structures, supports longitudinal arches of the foot, provides surface for muscular attachment, divides into slips that enclose the digital tendons, helps compartmentalize the foot by sending vertical septa into foot |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 compartments of the foot that are made by the septa from the plantar aponeurosis? |
|
Definition
| medial compartment, central compartment, lateral compartment |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 muscles in the 1st layer of the foot? |
|
Definition
| abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi |
|
|
Term
| what does the abductora hallucis du? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does flexor digitorum brevis do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the abductor digiti minimi do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the muscles in the 2nd layer of the foot? |
|
Definition
| qudaratus plantae, lumbrical muscles, tendon of the flexor digitorum longus, tendon of the flexor hallucis longus |
|
|
Term
| what does the quadratus plantae muscle do? |
|
Definition
| assists flexor digitorum longus in flexing digits 2-5 (counters FDL to help pull down straight) |
|
|
Term
| what does quadratus plantae insert into? |
|
Definition
| Flexor digitorum longus tendons |
|
|
Term
| where do lumbricals arise from? |
|
Definition
| Flexor digitorum longus tendons |
|
|
Term
| where are the neurovascular structures among the foot muscles? |
|
Definition
| between 1st and 2nd layer |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 muscles of the 3rd layer of plantar muscles? |
|
Definition
| flexor digiti minimi brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis |
|
|
Term
| what does the flexor digit minimi do? |
|
Definition
| flexes proximal phalanx 5th toe |
|
|
Term
| what does adductor hallucis do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe shape of adductor hallucis |
|
Definition
| has transverse and oblique head |
|
|
Term
| what does flexor hallucis brevis do? |
|
Definition
| flexes proximal phalanx hallux |
|
|
Term
| what is special about flexor hallucis brevis tendon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the muscles of the 4th layer of the plantar muscles? |
|
Definition
| 3 plantar interossei, 4 dorsal interossei |
|
|
Term
| what do the 3 plantar interossei muscles do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the 4 dorsal interossei muscle do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the origin/insertion of interossei? |
|
Definition
| arise from shafts of metatarsals and insert into extensor expansion of digits |
|
|
Term
| describe difference in appearance of dorsal vs. plantar interossei |
|
Definition
| plantar = unipennate, dorsal = bipennate |
|
|
Term
| what plantar muscles does the medial plantar nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
| flexor digitorum brevis, abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis, 1st (medial) lumbrical |
|
|
Term
| what nerve innervates the dorsal interossei, plantar interossei, flexor digiti minimi, adductor hallucis, quadratus plantae, 3 lateral lumbricals, abductor digiti minimi muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the lateral plantar nerve and medial plantar nerve come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the nerve roots of the medial and lateral plantar nerves? |
|
Definition
| S2 S3 play footsie with me |
|
|
Term
| what are the plantar arteries? |
|
Definition
| medal and lateral plantars - like medial and lateral plantar nerves |
|
|
Term
| what goes through tarsal tunnel? |
|
Definition
| tendon of tibialis posterior, tendon of flexor digitorum longus, posterior tibial artery, tibial nerve, tendon of flexor hallucis longus (Tom, Dick AN Harry) |
|
|
Term
| where can you feel the pulse of the posterior tibial artery? |
|
Definition
| midway between heel and medial malleolus |
|
|
Term
| what does medial plantar nerve come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the cutaneous innervation that the medial plantar nerve provides? |
|
Definition
| cutaneous to medial 3.5 digits |
|
|
Term
| what branches does medial plantar nerve give to toes? |
|
Definition
| common digital nerves to proper digital nerves |
|
|
Term
| what are the nerve roots of the medial plantar nerve cutaneously? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the lateral plantar nerve come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the path of the lateral plantar nerve |
|
Definition
| comes from tibial nerve, branches into deep branch and superficial branch, superficial branch divides into common digital nerves and proper digital nerves to innervate lateral 1.5 digits cutaneously |
|
|
Term
| what does the lateral planter nerve innervate cutaneously in the foot? |
|
Definition
| lateral 1.5 digits, some of plantar surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an area of the skin supplied by the dorsal sensory root of a spinal nerve |
|
|
Term
| dermatome for occipital region of the head |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dermatome for tip of th shoulder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dermatome for index finger |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dermatome for little finger |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dermatome for belly button |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dermatome for medial knee |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dermatome for genital and anal region |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does medial plantar artery come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| under what muscle does medial plantar artery run? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does medial plantar artery vascularize? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does medial plantar artery end as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does lateral plantar artery come from and where does it branch off? |
|
Definition
| from posterior tibial artery under abductor allucis |
|
|
Term
| what is the path of the lateral plantar artery? |
|
Definition
| from posterior tibial artery, goes deep within foot to form deep plantar arch |
|
|
Term
| what is the path of the deep plantar arch? |
|
Definition
| comes from lateral plantar artery then gives off plantar metatarsal arteries and anastomoses with deep plantar artery from the dorsalis pedis |
|
|
Term
| what does the medial plantar artery travel with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the lateral plantar artery travel with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is morton's neuroma? |
|
Definition
| enlargement and fibrosis of a common plantar digital nerve |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common location of morton's neuroma? |
|
Definition
| between 3rd and 4th toes = 3rd interspace |
|
|
Term
| what happens in morton's neuroma? |
|
Definition
| enlarged nerve becomes entrapped between metatarsal heads and surrounding ligaments during gait = causes pain and paresthesia of the nerve |
|
|
Term
| what would a patient with morton's neuroma complain of? |
|
Definition
| pain and/or numbness in the 3-4th toes throughout the day |
|
|
Term
| what is treatment of morton's neuroma? |
|
Definition
| wider shoes, steroid injections, surgical removement of inflamed nerve |
|
|
Term
| what type of joint is the subtalar joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what typ of movement is produced at the subtalar joint? |
|
Definition
| inversion/eversion: allows heel to rock back and forth |
|
|
Term
| which ligament helps stabilize the subtalar joint? |
|
Definition
| interosseous talocalcaneal ligament |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 facets of the subtalar joint? |
|
Definition
| posterior, middle, anterior facets |
|
|
Term
| where is the posterior facet of the subtalar joint? |
|
Definition
| between the superior surface of the calcaneus and the inferior surface of the talus |
|
|
Term
| where is the middle facet of the subtalar joint? |
|
Definition
| on the superior aspect of the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus |
|
|
Term
| where is the anterior facet of the subtalar joint? |
|
Definition
| just distal to the middle facet on the calcaneus |
|
|
Term
| what are interphalangeal joints |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the metatarsal-phalangeal joint? |
|
Definition
| joints between metatarsals and phalanges |
|
|
Term
| what are intermetatarsal joints? |
|
Definition
| joints between metatarsals |
|
|
Term
| what is the tarsometatarsal joint? |
|
Definition
| joint between tarsals and metatarsals |
|
|
Term
| what type of joint are metatarsal phalangeal joints? |
|
Definition
| condyloid synovial joints |
|
|
Term
| what type of joints are interphalangeal joints? |
|
Definition
| hinge type synovial joints |
|
|
Term
| what type of joints are tarsometatarsal joints? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the transverse tarsal joint? |
|
Definition
| combination of talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints: provides inversion/eversion along with subtalar joint |
|
|
Term
| what movement does talus + tibia provide? |
|
Definition
| dorsiflexion/plantarflexion |
|
|
Term
| describe the medial longitudinal arch |
|
Definition
| formed by calcaneus talus, navicular, cuneiforms, and 3 medial metatarsals |
|
|
Term
| describe the lateral longitudinal arch |
|
Definition
| calcaneus, cuboid, and 4th and 5th metatarsals |
|
|
Term
| describe the transverse arch |
|
Definition
| runs from medial to lateral: formed by cuboid, cuneiforms, and base of metatarsals |
|
|
Term
| which arch is the high arch in the medial foot? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes the arches of the foot? |
|
Definition
| shape of interlocking bones, strength and support of ligaments, action and tone of tibialis posterior, tibialis anterior, and fibularis longus |
|
|
Term
| describe long plantar ligament |
|
Definition
| goes from calcaneus to cuboid groove: forms tunnel for fibularis longus |
|
|
Term
| where is the short plantar ligament |
|
Definition
| deep to the long plantar ligament |
|
|
Term
| where is the calcaneonavicular ligament? |
|
Definition
| from sustentaculum tali to navicular |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for calcaneonavicular ligament? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the calcaneonavicular ligament do? |
|
Definition
| supports the head of the talus |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 ligaments that help support the longitudinal and transverse arches of the foot? |
|
Definition
| plantar aponeurosis, clacaneonavicular ligament, long plantar ligament, short plantar ligament |
|
|
Term
| what are the clinical conditions/symptoms of plantar fasciitis? |
|
Definition
| pain at plantar aspect of heel at insertion of plantar aponeurosis; pain is worse in mornings and after periods of rest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of aponeurosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone deposition on calcaneal tubercle that is a result of chronic fasciitis |
|
|
Term
| what are treatments for plantar fasciitis/bone spurs |
|
Definition
| NSAIDS, cortisone, orthotics |
|
|
