typically not photosynthetic

starve unless photosynthates areimported through the shoot system

anchors vascular plant in soil

absorbs water and minerals

stores carbohydrates

consists of one, main, vertical taproot

-develops from embryonic root

produces lateral roots

penetrates soil deeply

mat of thin roots

adventitious roots-small roots emerging from the stem

increase surface area

thin, tubular extension of a root epidermal cell

absorption

organ that raises or separates leaves

exposes to sunlight

also raise reproductive structures

consists of alternating noes and internodes

in upper angel formed  by each leaf and the stem

can form later shoot

grow slowly

shoot tip

most of growth

terminal

composed of developing leaves and compact node-internode series

petiole

joins leaf to stem at node

vascular tissue of leaves

monocots: parallell

eudicots: branched

functional unit connecting all organs in a plant

continuous

outer protective covering

defense

epidermis, cuticle, periderm

protects from water loss and disease

specialized in each organ

non-woody plants

layer of tightly packed cells

leaves and stems

waxy coating on surface

prevents water loss

woody plants

protective

replaces epidermis in older regions of stems and roots

hair-like outgrowths of shoot epidermis

reduce water loss

reflect excess sunlight

carries out long distance transport of materials between root and shoot systems

xylem, phloem

stele

conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from  roots and shoots

vascular tissue of root or stem

angiosperms: solid, central, vascular cylinder

stem and leaves: vascular bundles, separate strands of xylem and phloem

pith: internal to vascular system

cortex: external to vascular system

storage

photosynthesis

support

primary walls-thin, flexible

lack secondary walls

large central vacuole

meatbolic functions, synthesis and storage of organic products

photosynthesis

can divide and differentiate

grouped in strands

help support young parts of cell

elongated

thicker primary walls, uneven

just below epidermis in young stems and petioled

flexible support

support

rigid

secondary walls-thick, contain lignin

cannot elongate

occur in regions where growth has ceased

dead at functional maturity

relatively indigestible strengthener

more than a quarter mass of dry wood

present in all vascular plants

sclerenchyma cells

specialized for support, strengthening

sclereids: boxy, irregular shape, thick, lignified walls

fibers: grouped in strands, long, slender, tapered

tracheids and vessel elements-tubular, elongated, dead at functional maturity

tracheids: in xylem of vascular plants, long, tough, tapered

vessel elements: wide, short, thinner walled, less tapered, aligned end to end

form non-living conduit for water

secondary walls interrupted by pits

alive at fnctional maturity

sieve cells-long, narrow, transport sugar-seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms

sieve-tube elements: angiosperms, lack normal organelles

sieve plates-end walls between, facilitate flow of fluid

companion cell-alongside, nonconducting, connect by channels

not limited to embryonic or juvenile phase

plants have embryonic, developing, mature organs all at once

stop at certain size

animals, some plant organs

perpetually undifferentiated

divide leading to new cells that elongate

allows for indeterminate growth

length

allows roots to extend through soil, and shoot to increase exposure to light

thickness

woody plants

lateral meristems

adds layers of vascular tissue

secondary xylem and secondary phloem

cells that remain as a source of new cells

stem cells

covers tip of root

protects apical meristem

zone of maturation

innermost layer of cortex

cylinder one cell thick

selective barrier

gives rise to lateral roots

leaves develop

epidermis covers

vascular tissue runs length in bundles

lateral shoots develop from axillary buds-disrupt no tissue

stomata-pores in epidermis, exchange of gases, evaportation of water

guard cells

mesophyll-ground tissue of leaf

radial files of parenchyma cells

connect secondary phloem and xylem

move water and nutrients, store carbohydrates, repair wounds

secondary xylem cells

large diameters, thin walls

maximizes delivery of water to new leaves

inner layers of secondary xylem

no longer transport  water and minerals