Term
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Definition
-ten steps
each catalyzed by specific enzyme
-Occurs in the Cytsol
-Does not require Oxygen
RXN: GLucose + 2NAD + 2ADP +2Pi => 2 Pyruvate + 2NADH + 2H+ +2ATP +2H20 |
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Term
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Definition
-break down of carbohydrates to generate energy to power the cell
-oxidation of glucose
-Does not Require Oxygen:
-RXN: C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O
-primitive Process
-four stages: Glycolysis,The Krebs Cycle,The Electron Transport chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation . |
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Term
| Ch.6 [Step 2] Citric Acid cycle |
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Definition
-Occurs in the Mitochondria
–begins with Acetyl CoA
–FADH2 formed from FAD
-Summery: Begins with Acety coa substrate. Combined with a four carbon compound (oxalocetate) to produce Six carbon compound (citrate). The Conezyme A is released to combine with a new acetyl group when another molecule of a pyruvate is oxidized. In the course of the cycle, two of six carbon are removed and oxidized to CO2, and oxaoacetate is regenerated. Each turn around the cycle uses up one Acety group, and regenerates one molecule of oxalacetate
Overall RXn: Oxolacetate + Acetly COA + 3H20 +ADP + Pi + 3 NAD+ + FAD => Oxaloacetate + 2CO2 + CoA + ATP + 3NADH+ 3H+ + FADH2 |
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Term
| Ch.6 [Step 3]electron transport chain |
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Definition
- electron transport chain
– electrons of NADH and FADH2 passed to low energy-level oxygen
– additional electron carriers involved in chain
– released energy drives proton gradient Fig 6-13 |
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Term
| Ch. 6 [Step 4] oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
– ATP synthase
– chemiosmotic coupling
• proton gradient established across inner membrane
• potential energy in gradient generates ATP from ADP + P
• chemiosmotic power important in other processes
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Term
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Definition
-key role of pyruvate
a. if oxygen is present, oxidized completely to CO2 -mitochondrial structure: Selectively permeable
– cristae: inner membrane of the mitochondria
– matrix
- pyruvate enters matrix
– then oxidized and decarboxylated
– NADH produced from NAD+
- coenzyme A
– acetyl CoA |
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Term
| oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
–ATP synthase
–chemiosmotic coupling
•proton gradient established across inner membrane
• potential energy in gradient generates ATP from
ADP + P
•chemiosmotic power important in other processes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
fats and proteins
can be converted to Acetyl CoA |
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Term
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Definition
• lactate fermentation
• alcohol fermentation: 2 e – from NADH
• efficiency relative to aerobic respiration |
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Term
| Strategy of Energy Metabolism |
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Definition
–catabolism: pathways
–anabolism: pathways by which cells synthesize
-life requires steady supply of organic molecules
major pathways of metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
Charophyceae
multiple forms
some flagellate
mostly freshwater
most similar to plants: Coleochaete and Chara |
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Term
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Definition
Ulvophyceae
multiple forms
2, 4 or many flagella
alternation of generations in marine species
mostly marine
Ulva
Cladophora |
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Term
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Definition
Chlorophyceae
multiple forms
some flagellate
2, 4 or many
mostly freshwater
unique form of cytokinesis
laboratory model systems
Chlamydomonas
Volvox |
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Term
Green Algae
Phylum Chlorophyta |
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Definition
Green Algae
Phylum Chlorophyta
unicellular, colonial, filaments and other forms
photosynthetic
-Chlorophyll a and C, and Carotenoids. Same photosynthetic pigments in plants
none or two flagella
cell wall
mostly aquatic
most closely related to plants
three major groups distinguished by
cell division
reproductive cell structure
other features |
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Term
Red Algae
Phylum Rhodophyta |
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Definition
Red Algae
Phylum Rhodophyta
multicellular
photosynthetic
phycobilins mask chlorophyll a
chloroplasts very similar to cyanobacteria
no flagella
cell wall
some with cellulose
some with calcium carbonate
many excrete agar
mostly tropical, marine; some freshwater
-Primary Marine species made of filaments held together with mucilage.
some have alternation of generations |
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Term
Brown Algae
Phylum Phaeophyta |
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Definition
Brown Algae
Phylum Phaeophyta
simple multicellular
thallus- Body of Algae (vegetative)-Some are diffrentiated
photosynthetic
Pigments: Chlorphyll a and c and carotenoids
cell wall with cellulose
almost all marine
alternation of generations |
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Term
Chrysophytes
Phylum Chrysophyta |
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Definition
Chrysophytes
Phylum Chrysophyta
unicellular or colonial
most photosynthetic- Some photosynthetic pigments pigment found in brown algae
none or two flagella
some have cell walls
mostly freshwater, some marine |
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Term
Diatoms
Phylum Bacillariophyta |
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Definition
Diatoms
Phylum Bacillariophyta
unicellular or colonial
most photosynthetic
some have flagella
cell wall of silica- Sand, glass: Two shells of Silica
marine and freshwater: important component of phytoplankton |
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Term
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Definition
Oomycetes
Phylum Oomycota
unicellular or filamentous
heterotrophic
heterokonts
cell wall
marine, freshwater and terrestrial
some important plant pathogens
Phytophthora
Pythium |
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Term
Haptophytes
Phylum Haptophyta |
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Definition
Haptophytes
Phylum Haptophyta
unicellular or colonial
most photosynthetic
some flagellated, others nonmotile
cell wall
scales of cellulose or calcified organic material
mostly marine
Prymnesium parvum
Dr. Grover, Biology, UTA
found in SW U.S., including Texas
toxic to fish, invertebrates
Possum Kingdom Lake |
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Term
Cryptomonads
Phylum Cryptophyta |
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Definition
Cryptomonads
Phylum Cryptophyta
unicellular
some are photosynthetic
arose from fusion of two different eukaryotic cells
some contain pigments only known from cyanobacteria and red algae
flagellates
no cell wall
marine and freshwater |
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Term
Euglenoids
Phylum Euglenophyta |
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Definition
Euglenoids
Phylum Euglenophyta
unicellular
1/3 genera contain chloroplasts
similar to green algae
flagellates
no cell wall
mostly freshwater, some marine |
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Term
Dinoflagellates
Phylum Dinophyta
unicellular
about half photosynthetic
biflagellate
may have cellulose plates
mostly marine, many freshwater
some produce toxic compounds or harmful red tides
Pfiesteria piscicida
some symbiotic with reef-forming corals
some bioluminesce |
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Definition
Dinoflagellates
Phylum Dinophyta
unicellular
about half photosynthetic
biflagellate
may have cellulose plates
mostly marine, many freshwater
some produce toxic compounds or harmful red tides
Pfiesteria piscicida
some symbiotic with reef-forming corals
some bioluminesce |
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Term
Cellular Slime Molds
Phylum Dictyosteliomycota |
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Definition
Cellular Slime Molds
Phylum Dictyosteliomycota
heterotrophic
terrestrial
most likely related to amoeba
commonly occur in litter-rich soils |
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Term
Plasmodial Slime Molds
Phylum Myxomycota |
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Definition
Plasmodial Slime Molds
Phylum Myxomycota
heterotrophic
terrestrial
not clearly related to any group |
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Term
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Definition
Algae
freshwater food chains
chrysophytes, diatoms, green algae, dinoflagellates
marine food chains
haptophytes, dinoflagellates, diatoms
plankton
grown to support shrimp, shellfish, etc.
seaweed farms for human use
“blooms” result from ecosystem disruption
red tides
brown tides
carbon cycle
sugars
calcium carbonate
many photosynthetic
some also take up dissolved organic compounds
phagocytosis
mixotrophs |
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Term
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Definition
Kingdom Fungi
-Are hetrotrophic ( not plants)
• unicellular and filamentous multicellular (Mushrooms)
• lack plastids and photosynthetic pigments
-More closely related to Animals then plants
-Relationships with plants
-Mycorrhizal: Symbiotic relationship with plant roots
-Pathogens
-Lichens: Fungus + green Algae/ Cyanobacteria
• absorb nutrients from living or dead organisms
• usually asexual and sexual reproduction
• relationships with plants |
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Term
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Definition
Kingdom Animalia
• multicellular
• lack cell walls, plastids, photosynthetic pigments
• most use ingestion to obtain energy
• usually sexual reproduction
• relationships with plants: Herbivorey |
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Term
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Definition
Kingdom Protista
-Some Protist Photosynthetic (Autotrophs) and ingest bacteria (hetrotrophs)
• unicellular, colonial, simple multicellular. Eukaryotic
• protozoa, algae, water molds, slime molds
• autotrophs, heterotrophs, myxotrophs
• reproduction by cell division and sexual
• relationships with plants
-Terrible pathogens |
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