Term
Which of the following is a sterile floral structure?
a. Carpels
b. Stamens
c. Sepals
d. Petals
e. C & D |
|
Definition
| 1) E. C(sepals) and D(petals) |
|
|
Term
| The collective term for all the sepals is __________ whereas the collective term for all the petals is __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microspores and megasporocytes always produce __________ spores (through __________). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does pollen grain form (structure and process)? |
|
Definition
1) The origin of pollen grains are found within the anther (mature male sporophyte) of a flower. The anther undergoes mitosis to produce microsporocytes (2n) within the microsporangium. The microsporocytes (2n) undergo meiosis to produce four haploid microspores (n) which immediately undergo mitosis to produce pollen grains with two cells: the generative and tube cell.
Likewise the ovule (mature female sporophyte) possesses one megasporocyte which undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid megaspores (n); however, out of these three only one cell survives which undergoes mitosis to produce seven (7) new cells with eight (8) nuclei. |
|
|
Term
| Each pollen grain consists of two cells: the __________ cell which gives rise to __________ __________ and the __________ cell which gives rise to the __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) Generative
2) Two sperm
3) Tube
4) Pollen tube |
|
|
Term
| What constitutes the embryo sac? Which process formed this embryo sac? |
|
Definition
1) The embryo sac is composed of seven (7) haploid cells and eight (8) nuclei. The three cells at the top of the embryo sac are the antipodals, the cell on each side of the egg at the bottom are the synergids, and the cell in the center is the central cell which has two polar nuclei.
The embryo sac was originally created when the ovule (mature female sporophyte; megasporangium) underwent meiosis to produce four haploid megaspores (n) in which three died and one survived; the lone surviving megaspore underwent mitosis to produce the resulting cells and nuclei. |
|
|
Term
| The mature female sporophyte, or ovule, is also known as the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells combine to form the zygote? |
|
Definition
| 1) The zygote is formed by the fusion of the sperm (n) from the pollen grain and the egg (n) found within the embryo sac (mature female gametophyte). |
|
|
Term
| Which cells combine to form the endosperm? |
|
Definition
| 1) The endosperm is formed by the fusion of the sperm (n) from the pollen grain and the polar nuclei within the central cell (n+n) to form the endosperm (3n). |
|
|
Term
| What is the ploidy of the endosperm? Why? |
|
Definition
| 1) The endosperm is a triploid (3n) structure that is formed by the fusion of a haploid sperm (n) and two polar nuclei within one central cell (n+n). When these three cells fuse together, the result is a triploid (3n) structure called the endosperm. |
|
|
Term
| Why is this process called double fertilization? |
|
Definition
| 1) The process is known as double fertilization because the fertilization of the polar nuclei within the central cell (n+n) and sperm (n) within the embryo sac to form the endosperm (3n) occurs immediately after the fertilization of the egg (n) by the sperm (n) to form the zygote (2n). |
|
|
Term
| Before __________, the transfer of pollen grains from __________ to __________ is referred to as __________. |
|
Definition
1) Fertilization
2) Anther
3) Stigma
4) Pollination |
|
|
Term
| __________-__________ is the process in which a different flower in the same individual plant is pollinated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________-__________ is the process in which pollen grains from one flower are transferred to another separate flower. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Animal pollinators and the plants that they pollinate have very close interdependent relationships, so much so that over time they have affected the evolution of certain physical and behavioral features in each other, a process known as __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does pollination include the fusion of the egg and sperm? |
|
Definition
| 1) No, because this process occurs before pollination. |
|
|
Term
| Does fertilization happen after pollination or before pollination? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After double fertilization the __________ develops into a seed and the __________ develops into a fruit. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ovule develops into the __________ while the ovary develops into the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells combine to form the zygote? |
|
Definition
| 1) The sperm (n) from the pollen grain (n) and the egg (n) within the embryo sac (n). |
|
|
Term
| Which cells combine to form the endosperm? |
|
Definition
| 1) The sperm (n) within the pollen grain (n) and the polar nuclei within the central cell (n+n) within the embryo sac (n). |
|
|
Term
In embryonic development, the first division of the zygote gives rise to two kind of cells (__________ and __________) which establish polarity.
The __________ cell develops into a suspensor (__________ __________) which aids in nutrient uptake from the endosperm.
The __________ cells develops into the plant embryo.
This first stage is called the __________ stage. |
|
Definition
1) Basal and apical
2) Basal
3) Embryonic tissue
4) Apical
5) Proembryo |
|
|
Term
In embryonic development, the apical cell divides further to form the __________ __________ and cells begin to develop into specialized __________.
This second stage is called the __________ stage. |
|
Definition
1) Globular embryo
2) Tissues
3) Globular |
|
|
Term
In embryonic development, further development of the embryo leads to the development of __________(number) __________ and the embryo resembles a __________ shape.
This stage is called the __________ stage. |
|
Definition
1) Two cotyledons
2) Heart
3) Heart |
|
|
Term
In embryonic development, during the __________ stage the embryo continues to grow as the cotyledons __________.
This stage is known as the __________ stage. |
|
Definition
1) Torpedo
2) Elongate
3) Torpedo |
|
|
Term
| In embryonic development, the fifth stage is the continuation of the maturing embryo within the __________. Food originally stored within the __________ has been almost completely depleted during growth and development, and most of the food for the embryonic plant is stored in the __________. |
|
Definition
1) Seed
2) Endosperm
3) Cotyledons |
|
|
Term
| In embryonic development, the sixth and final stage is the completion of the __________. In this stage, multiple __________ can be observed containing mature embryos. Each seed develops from an __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Arrange the embryonic development in eudicots in the correct sequence:
a. Globular embryo
b. Heart stage embryo
c. Pro embryo
d. Torpedo embryo
e. Maturing embryo
f. Fruit |
|
Definition
| 1) Pro-embryo --> Globular embryo --> Heart embryo --> Torpedo embryo --> Maturing embryo --> Fruit |
|
|
Term
| The mature embryo within the seed consists of a short embryonic root called a __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ portion of the embryonic shoot connecting the radicle to one or two __________ is the __________. |
|
Definition
1) Short
2) Cotyledons
3) Hypocotyl |
|
|
Term
| The __________ _________, or terminal bud, located above the point of attachment of the cotyledons is called the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the two cells (basal or apical) develops into the embryo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Embryonic plant is mostly nonphotosynthetic; how does it receive it's nutrition? |
|
Definition
| 1) The embryo receives the majority of it's nutrition from the endosperm (3n) and cotyledons within the seed. |
|
|
Term
| What is the main difference between monocots and dicots? |
|
Definition
| 1) Monocots have one cotyledon whereas dicots have two cotyledons. |
|
|
Term
| __________ have a potential to develop into seeds. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ have the potential to develop into fruits. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ are mature, ripened ovaries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ are enclosed (or can be found) within fruits. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A __________ is a simple, fleshy fruit in which the fruit wall is soft throughout.
An example is a __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A __________ is a simple, fleshy fruit in which the inner wall of the fruit is a hard stone.
An example is a __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A __________ is a simple dry fruit that splits open along one suture to release its seeds; fruit is formed from an ovary that consists of a single carpel.
An example is __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A __________ is a simple, dry fruit that splits open along two sutures to release its seeds; fruit is formed from an ovary that consists of a single carpel.
An example is a __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A __________ is a simple, dry fruit that splits along two or more sutures or pores to release its seeds; fruit is formed from the ovary that consists of two or more carpels.
An example is an __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A __________ is a simple, dry fruit in which the fruit wall is fused to the seed coat.
An example is __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An __________ is a simple, dry fruit in which the fruit wall is separate from the seed coat.
An example is a __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A __________ is a simple, dry fruit that has a stony wall, is usually large, and does not split open at maturity.
An example is an __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An __________ fruit is a fruit that develops from a single flower with several pistils (__________ are not fused into a single pistil).
An example is a __________. |
|
Definition
1) Aggregate
2) Carpels
3) Blackberry |
|
|
Term
A __________ fruit is a fruit that develops from the ovaries of a group of flowers.
An example is a __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A __________ fruit is a fruit that develops from the ovaries of a group of flowers.
An example is a __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An __________ fruit is a fruit composed primarily of nonovarian tissue (such as the receptacle or floral tube).
An example is an __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
