Term
| name 3 things that plant cells have that animal cells don't |
|
Definition
central vacuole
plastids
cell wall |
|
|
Term
| name 2 structures that animal cells have that plants don't |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm collectively? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the lquid portion of cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| what is the protoplast of a plant cell? |
|
Definition
| everything except for the cell wall |
|
|
Term
| what % of the primary cell wall is cellulose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is cellulose organized in the primary cell wall? |
|
Definition
| unbranched parallel molecules bound into microfibrils w/in a matrix |
|
|
Term
| what is the constitution of the primary cell wall matrix? |
|
Definition
25-50% cross linking glycans (hemicellulose)
10-35% pectic substances
10% glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
| what are 2 types of glycoproteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of glycoprotein helps soften the cell wall to allow for new growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of glycoprotein is involved in the recognition of foreign molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the layer of interconnected primary cell walls called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the composition of the secondary cell wall? |
|
Definition
41-45% cellulose
30% cross-linking glycans
22-35%lignin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of pit field has a tores? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cell wall is the tores made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 2 cell layers make up the pit membrane? |
|
Definition
primary wall
middle lamella |
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue often contains border pits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of pit field cannot block movement between cells? |
|
Definition
| primary pit field/simple pit pair |
|
|
Term
| what internal cell part is the desmotubule an extension of? |
|
Definition
| the endoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
| what is the maximum size of particle that can pass through plasmodesmata? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what internal cell part are the plasmodesmata extensions of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the name given to the united protoplasts of a tissue acting as a functional whole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the main difference between apoplastic and symplastic routes of transport? |
|
Definition
apoplastic - ?
symplastic - ? |
|
|
Term
| what is the source of most membranes inside of a cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for a dictyosome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are the membranes of microbodies and mitochondria different structurally? |
|
Definition
microbodies - single membrane
mitochondria - double |
|
|
Term
| what process results in the build-up of glyconic acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what compound is broken down in peroxisomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of microbodies might be found in a germinating seed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what metabolic function do glyoxysomes perform? |
|
Definition
| breakdown of fats to carbohydrates (glyoxylate cycle) |
|
|
Term
| what are 2 types of microbodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does an oleosome do? |
|
Definition
| aids in fat synthesis and storage |
|
|
Term
| where are protein bodies found in abundance? |
|
Definition
| storage cells of developing seeds |
|
|
Term
| what is the order of organelles that give rise to the plasma membrane? |
|
Definition
nuclear envelope
endoplasmic reticulum
golgi bodies
plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 direct sources that can give rise to the tonoplast? |
|
Definition
| golgi body or endoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in meristems, differentiate and develop into plastids |
|
|
Term
| what are three types of leucoplasts? |
|
Definition
amyloplasts
proteinoplasts
elaioplasts |
|
|
Term
| what type of plastids contain carotenoids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three major groups of plastids? |
|
Definition
leucoplasts
chromoplasts
chloroplasts |
|
|
Term
| what are the roles of the central vacuole? |
|
Definition
1 form/rigidity
2.increased volume/surface area
3.storage
4.acts as lysosome
5.maintain homeostasis
6.some metablolic pathways |
|
|
Term
| what types of compounds are found in the cell vacuole? |
|
Definition
1.salts, sugars, amino acids, proteins, pigments
2.secondary compounds
3. crystals
4. wastes |
|
|
Term
| what are secondary compounds? |
|
Definition
| compounds that don't play a role in primary metabolism (ex. alkaloids) |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of a crystal that might be found in a central vauole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what pigment might be found in the central vacuole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 ways in which the central vacuole helps maintain homeostasis? |
|
Definition
1.balances pH of cytosol
2.stores excess compounds from the cytosol
3.regulates osmotic properties of cytosol |
|
|
Term
| what is the average pH of the cytosol? inside the central vacuole? |
|
Definition
cytosol - 7
vacuole - 3-6(usually 5-6) |
|
|
Term
| what cytoskeletal element plays a role in cytoplasmic streaming? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cytoskeletal element plays a role in cell wall formation and makes up the mitotic spindle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what compound are microtubules made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what compound do microfilaments contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are 7 properties of water? |
|
Definition
1.high specific heat
2.high latent heat of evaporation
3.high latent heat of fusion
4.expands when frozen
5.adhesive
6.cohesive (high tensile strength)
7.solvent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many molecules or atoms moving together in response to a differences in pressure (ex.hydrostatic pressure) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the measure of the tendency of water to move in a system |
|
|
Term
| when is the water potential of a plant cell = 0? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when is pressure potential positive in plant cells? |
|
Definition
| under turgor pressure (turgid cell) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pressure of cell wall on the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| when is the pressure potential of a plant cell = 0? |
|
Definition
| when atleast 50% of the cells are plasmolyzed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall |
|
|
Term
| when is the pressure potential of a plant cell negative? |
|
Definition
when under tension (xylem)
and when wilted |
|
|
Term
| what happens to an animal cell placed in distilled water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to an animal cell placed in a salty solution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to a plant cell placed in a salty solution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to a plant cell placed in distilled water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the equation for determining solute potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the ideal gas constant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when water droplets appear on tips of leaves due to root pressure |
|
|
Term
| what water characteristic accounts for capillarity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how far can water travel by capillarity in a plant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is active pumping? where found in a plant? |
|
Definition
movement of water as a result of expended energy
does not occur in plants |
|
|
Term
| why are secondary cell in tracheids and vessels important in transpiration? |
|
Definition
| prevents cell walls from collapsing under tension |
|
|
Term
| what is the driving force of the cohesion theory? |
|
Definition
| water potential decreases from soil -> plant -> air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the evaporation of water through the stomates |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 main aspects of the cohesion theory? |
|
Definition
transpiration
adhesion
cohesion |
|
|
Term
| what is generally the lowest value for soil potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at what relative humidity is the water potential of air higher than that of the plant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the water potential of air at 100% RH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the water potential of air at 50% RH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells in a plant generally have the highest solute concentration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what tissue facilitates transport in the the apoplast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interconnected, non-living parts of plants (cell walls, vessels, tracheids) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interconnected, living parts of plants (cytoplasm) |
|
|
Term
| what tissue facilitates transport in the symplast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 types of xylem cells? |
|
Definition
vessel elements
tracheids
parenchyma
fibers
parnchyma in rays |
|
|
Term
| what conducting cell in xylem is narrower with tapered ends? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what conducting cell in xylem has many patterns of walls and bar like strips at the ends? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which conducting cell in xylem offers greater resistance to transport? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the only xylem cell are NOT present in softwoods? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 types of phloem cells? |
|
Definition
companion cells
sieve tube members
phloem parenchyma
fibers
ray parenchyma |
|
|
Term
| which conducting cell of phloem has no nucleii? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what replaces the companion cells in gymnosperm phloem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid formation of air bubbles in the xylem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when large air bubbles form that break the water column (breaks cohesion) |
|
|
Term
| when do embolisms usually appear? |
|
Definition
| during the day, and in the winter |
|
|
Term
| how do plants deal with embolisms? |
|
Definition
1.rely on newly formed tracheids and vessels formed in the spring
2.root pressure
3.positive xylem pressure in spring as sap rises
4.wall sculpturing (perforations,etc)
5.Torus
6.sacrifice leaves/limbs |
|
|
Term
| how many essential minerals are there for plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the macronutrients? |
|
Definition
C, H, O,
N, P, K,
Ca, Mg, S |
|
|
Term
| what are the micronutrients? |
|
Definition
Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni,
Mn, Mo
B, Cl |
|
|
Term
| what does it mean that plants are truly autotrophic? |
|
Definition
| synthesize all needed organic molecules from base elements. do not require any vitamins |
|
|
Term
| what are the definitions of essential? |
|
Definition
1. needed for plant to complete life cycle
2.absence causes deficiency symptoms
3.forms a part of a molecule that is essential to a plant |
|
|
Term
| what are beneficial elements? |
|
Definition
| elements required by some plants |
|
|
Term
| what are the beneficial elements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is silicon used by some plants? |
|
Definition
provides rigidity
prevents lodging |
|
|
Term
| name 2 plants that require silicon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what plants require sodium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what beneficial nutrient may aid in the transport of pyruvate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what beneficial nutrient is needed by nitrogen fixing bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what beneficial nutrient is toxic to most plants, but protects loco weed from grazing animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the critical range of a nutrient? |
|
Definition
| the minimal tissue concentration needed to give 90% maximum growth |
|
|
Term
| what are the three areas of a nutrient/growth curve? |
|
Definition
deficient range
adequate range
toxic range |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compounds released by some plants that bind with metals making them more available to the plant |
|
|
Term
| under what condition is Fe in the soil unavailable to the plant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what chelating agent is effective for iron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a powerful chelating agent produced by some plants under Fe stress? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 2 controlled growing methods are used to study mineral nutrition? |
|
Definition
hydroponics and
nutrient film technique |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common soil deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what compounds need nitrogen? |
|
Definition
nucleic acids
ATP/ADP
proteins
chlorphyll
some hormones (IAA, cytokinen) |
|
|
Term
| excess of what nutrient results in high shoot to root growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what macronutrients are mobile? |
|
Definition
nitrogne
phosphorus
potassium
magnesium |
|
|
Term
| what macronutrients are not mobile? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is iron mobile or non mobile? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are nitrogen deficiency symptoms? |
|
Definition
1. slow, stunted growth
2. chlorosis in older leaves
3. anthocyanin accumulation |
|
|
Term
| what are the three most limiting nutrients in soil, in order? |
|
Definition
| nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium |
|
|
Term
| how is phosphorus used by cells? |
|
Definition
1.nucleic acids
2.ATP/ADP
3.cell membranes
4.PGAL/PGA |
|
|
Term
| excess of what nutrient results in high root/shoot growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what macronutrient precipitates out of solution pH>6.8, making it unavailable to the plant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of phosphorus deficiency? |
|
Definition
1. stunted growth
2.leaves become dark greedn
3. browning of older leaves
4. anthocyanin accumulation |
|
|
Term
| what types of enzymes does potassium activate? |
|
Definition
starch and protein synthesis enzymes
photosynthesis and respiration enzymes |
|
|
Term
| what nutrient plays a role in opening and closing stomates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what roles does potassium play? |
|
Definition
1.activates enzymes
2.maintains turgor pressure
3. major role in stomate opening/closing
4. role in sleep movemenents |
|
|
Term
| what macronutrient is often deficient in sandy soils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the roles of calcium? |
|
Definition
1.activates enzymes
2. second messenger in hormonal/environmental responses
3.mitotic spindle formation
4. middle lamella formation
5. membrane functions |
|
|
Term
| what macronutrient improtant to plant development in seldom dificient in natural conditions and mostly found in the vacuole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 2 amino acids require sulfur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what roles does sulfur play? |
|
Definition
1.certain amino acids
2.di-sulphide linkages
3. Iron-Sulfur proteins
4. vitamins
5.co-enzyme A
6.Thiocyanates and isothiocyanates |
|
|
Term
| what vitamins require sulfur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vitamins require sulfur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are thiocyanantes and isothyocyanates? |
|
Definition
| 'mustard oils' - defend against herbivores |
|
|
Term
| what is a deficienct symptoms of sulfur due to lack of protein synthesis? |
|
Definition
| overall pale green or chlorosis |
|
|
Term
| what are some sources of sulfur in the environement? |
|
Definition
industrial sources
volcanoes
geysers
sulfur springs |
|
|
Term
| where is magnesium usually deficient? |
|
Definition
| strongly acidic, sandy soils |
|
|
Term
| what are the roles of magnesium? |
|
Definition
1.chlorophyll
2.activates Rubisco and PEP Carboxylase
3.activates nucleic acid synthesis enzymes
4.ATP function
5.stabilizes ribosome structure |
|
|
Term
| what micronutrient precipitates out of solution at pH>6.8? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nutrient required for peroxidase and catalase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the roles of iron? |
|
Definition
1.chlorophyll synthesis enzymes
2.photosynthesis/respiration enzymes
3.N-fixation enzymes
4.heme-comtaining cytochrome
5.Fe-S proteins
6. Ferredoxin |
|
|
Term
| what is a sign of magnesium deficiency? |
|
Definition
| interveinal chlorosis of older leaves |
|
|
Term
| what is a sign of iron deficiency? |
|
Definition
| interveinal chlorosis of younger leaves |
|
|
