Term
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Definition
| Plants such as mosses, ferns, and hornworts; non-vascular; very dependent on water; non-seed producing (sporophyte dominant); no true stem or leaves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plants such as ferns; vascular; sporophyte dominant; produces spores on fronds; no true leaves or roots. |
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Term
| Describe Gymospermophyta. |
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Definition
| Plants such as conifers, ginkos, and cycads; vascular; naked seed producers; conifers produce cones to disperse seeds; conifers also have advantageous needle leaves because of less surface area for water travel. |
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Term
| Describe Angiospermophyta. |
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Definition
| Plants that produce ovaries, such as fruit or flowers, that enclose seeds; vascular, monocot or dicot. |
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Term
| Compare monocots and dicots. |
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Definition
Monocots: fibrous root; flower petals in multiples of 3; parallel veins; one cotyledon; arranged vascular bundles; ex. grass, corn.
Dicots: tap-root; flower petals in multiples of 4 or 5; net-like veins; two cotyledons; vascular bundles in ring; ex. bean. |
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Term
| Describe the parts of a leaf. |
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Definition
Palisade mesophyll: upper surface of plant; photosynthesis occurs the most here; highest density of chloraplasts.
Spongy mesophyll: porous; voluminous with air; allows for diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Epidermis: upper & lower; holds boundary of leaf.
Vascular bundle: has veins to transport water up and down (xylem & phloem).
Cuticle: waxy, fatty covering to not lose water and protect from insects. |
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Term
| Describe the alternation of generation cycle. |
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Definition
The concept that all plants are haploid and diploid at certain stages of their lives.
1. Plants start off as multi-cellular diploid (2n) sporophytes (reproduces through cloning).
2. Sporophyte goes through meiosis and become haploid (1n) spores.
3. The spores grow through mitosis and become gametophytes.
4. The gametes go through fertilization (reproduces with differences, no cloning).
5. A zygote (diploid - 2n) is formed.
6. The zygote goes through mitosis and becomes sporophyte again. |
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Term
| How are spores dis/advantageous? |
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Definition
| Spores are advantageous because they cause reproduction if no opposite sex is available, but they can be disadvantageous if a bad trait is passed on since it is reproduced through cloning. |
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Term
| What are the plant modifications? |
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Definition
Bulbs: onion; fattened root that provides carbohydrates; was once a stem; a storage mechanism
Stemtubers: potato; flattened stem below ground; a storage mechanism
Storage roots: carrot, turnip; large taproot; 2-year plant (first year stores food & water, second year extracts food & water); stores sugar and water
Tendrils: grapes, strangling fig; has leaves, stems, petrioles; used by plants to elevate |
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Term
| Describe apical meristem. |
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Definition
Tissue in plants responsible for vertical grown; travels up to tips, down to roots; grows at ends like bones.
Initials: tip of stem; divides for mitosis; become derivatives
Derivatives: regular parts of plants that go through normal plant activites |
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Term
| Describe lateral meristem. |
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Definition
Responsible for horizontal growth.
Vascular cambium: xylem & phloem; herbaceous stem (not woody)
Cork cambium: woody stem; bark is made to prevent stem from insects & water loss; xylem & phloem die and move out to form rings |
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Term
| What are the steps of germination? |
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Definition
A seed or spore emerges from a period of dormancy.
1. Inhibition: take in water
2. Formation of gibberellin acid (gibberellous acid)
3. Hydrolysis of starch by amylase (maltose becomes glucose/fructose)
4. Cellular respiration (mitosis)
5. Photosynthesis |
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Term
| What do phloem and xylem transport? |
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Definition
Phloem: food (glucose)
Xylem: water |
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