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| a group of cells, consisting of one or more cell types, that together perform a specialized function |
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consists of several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions
most familiar and easily observed plant structures |
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absorbs water and minerals from below the groud surface
rely on photosynthates (sugars and other carbohydrates from photosynthesis) to be imported from the shoot system |
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| consists of stems and leaves, use carbon dioxide and light from above ground surface to produce nutrient from photosynthesis |
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| an organ that anchors a vascular plant in the soil, absorbs minerals and water, and often stores carbohydrates |
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one main vertical root in most eudicots and gymnosperms
generally penetrate deep soil when groundwater is not close to the surface |
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| also called branch roots, come off of the taproot |
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a mat of generally thin roots spreading out below the soil surface.
do not penetrate deeply and are best adapted for shallow soils or regions where rainfall is light |
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| near the tips of roots, thin, tubular extensions of the root's epidermal cell for absorption of water and minerals |
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an organ that raises or separates leaves, exposing them to sunlight
Also raises reproductive structures, facilitating dispersal of pollen and fruit |
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| the points at which leaves are attached on the stems |
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| the stem segments between nodes |
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| a structure that can form a lateral shoot (branch) in the upper angle formed by each leaf and stem |
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| also called terminal bud, composed of developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes where most of the young shoot growth occurs |
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| inhibition of axillary buds by an apical bud because of proximity |
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| a horizontal shoot that grows just below the surface. Vertical shoots emerge from axillary buds |
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vertical underground shoots consisting mostly of the enlarged bases of leaves that store food
many layers of modified leaves can be seen in a sliced onion |
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horizontal shoots that grow along the surface
these "runners" enable a plant to reproduce asexually |
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enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons specialized for storing food
"eyes" of a potato are clusters of axillary buds that mark the nodes |
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the main photosynthetic organ
consists of a flattened blade and a stalk |
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| the stalk part of a leaf, which connects the leaf to the stem at a node |
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the vascular tissue of leaves
monocots have parallel major veins
eudicots have a branched network of major veins |
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has a single, undivided blade
some are deeply lobed |
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the blade consists of multiple leaflets
a leaflet has no axillary bud at its base |
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| each leaflet is divided into smaller leaflets |
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| a type of modified leaf (and sometimes modified stem) which forms a coil to bring a plant closer to support |
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| a type of modified leaf, such as on cacti. photosynthesis in these plants are carried out by the fleshy green stems |
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| leaves adapted for water storage in succulents |
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| adventitious plantlets in some succulents fall off the leaf and take root in the soil |
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| often mistaken for petals, brightly coloured leaves attract pollinators |
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| a functional unit connecting all of the plant's organs |
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the plant's outer protective covering
forms the first line of defense against physical damage and pathogens |
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| a single tissue layer which makes up the dermal system in nonwoody plants |
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| a waxy coating on the epidermal surface which helps prevent water loss |
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| in woody plants, replaces the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots |
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| hairlike outgrowths of the shoot epidermis which can reduce water and reflect excess light in the desert, provide defense against insects by forming a barrier or secreting sticky fluids |
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| carries out long distance transport of materials between the root and shoot systems |
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part of the vascular tissue system,
conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into shoots |
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| transports sugars, the products of photosynthesis from where they are made to where they are needed |
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| the vascular tissue of a root or stem |
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| tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular |
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| ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue |
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| ground tissue that is external to the vascular tissue |
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have primary walls that are relatively thin and flexible, and most lack secondary walls
generally have a large central vacuole
perform most of the plant's metabolic functions |
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grouped in strands to help support young parts of the plant shoot
generally elongated cells that have thicker primary walls, though uneven
provide flexible support without restraining growth |
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function as supporting elements but much more rigid than collenchyma
secondary walls are thick and contain large amounts of lignin
cannot elongate at maturity |
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a type of sclerenchyma cell
boxier than fibers and irregular in shape
have thick, lignified secondary walls |
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a type of sclerenchyma cells
usually grouped into strands
long, slender and tapered |
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type of water conducting cell in the xylem of nearly all vascular plants
long, thin cells with tapered ends
water moves from cell to cell mainly through the pits |
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a type of water conducting cell
generally wider, shorter, thinner walled, and less tapered than tracheids
aligned end to end |
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| long micropipes formed from vessel elements aligned end to end |
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| chains of cells which make up sieve tubes for nutrient transport |
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| water conducting cells of the xylem |
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dead at maturity
tubular, elongated cells
tracheids and vessel elements |
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| sugar conducting cells of the phloem |
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alive at functional maturity
sugars and other organic nutrients are transported through sieve tubes |
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end walls between sieve-tube elements
have pores that facilitate the flow of fluid from cell to cell along the sieve tube |
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| nonconducting cells beside each sieve-tube element which is connected by numerous channels called plasmodesmata |
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growth occurs throughout a plant's life
at any time, the plant has embryonic, developing, and mature organs |
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growth stops after reaching a certain size
most animals and some plant organs |
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| perpetually undifferentiated tissues that divide when conditions permit, leading to new cells that can elongate |
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| located at the tips of roots and shoots and in axillary buds of shoots provide additional cells that enable growth in length |
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| allows roots to extend throughout the soil and shoots to increase their exposure to light |
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| in woody plants, growth in thickness when they can no longer grow in length |
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causes secondary growth
vascular cambium and cork cambium
cylinders of dividing cells extend along the roots and stems |
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| adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem and secondary phloem |
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| replaces the epidermis with the thicker, tougher periderm |
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in plants, used to be called initials
cells that perpetually divide and remain undifferentiated |
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| complete their lifecycle from germination to flowering to seed production to death in a single year or less |
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generally require two growing seasons to complete their life cycle
flower and fruit only in the second year |
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| live many years and include trees, shrubs and some grasses |
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thimble-like covering of the tip of a root
protects the apical meristem
secretes a polysaccharide slime that lubricates the soil around the tip of the root |
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| pores on epidermis which allow exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the air and the photosynthetic cells inside the leaf |
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| regulate the opening and closing of the pore |
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sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermal layers
consists mainly of parenchyma cells specialized for photosynthesis |
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| consists of one or more layers of elongated parenchyma cells on the upper part of leaf |
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below the palisade mesophyll
loosely arranged with a labyrinth of air spaces |
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