Term
|
Definition
| section of threadlike, double-helical model of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins are the products of most genes and the main macromolecule of most organisms. Proteins can function strucutrally or enzymatically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Forms of a gene, and those different forms account for the genetic variation among a species of organism. alleleic variation influences hereditary variation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organisms basic complement of DNA. most somatic cells contain two copies of the genome (diploid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organism is diploid when a typical somatic cell has two copies of the genome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organism is haploid when a typical somatic cell contains one copy of a genome. Examples are most bacteria, algae, and fungi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an identical array between two entities, as is seen with two sets of chromosomes within diploid organisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structure that forms the helix of double stranded helix of DNA. A nucleoide of DNA is comprised of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate and one of four nitrogenous bases. Nucleoides are bound through bonds between phosphate on the 5 prime end to hydroxls on the 3 prime end. strands of dna are bound via hydrogen bonding of complementray nitrogenous bases. The result are two strands running in complementary 5 to 3 prime directions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the context of plant genetics, bases found on nucleoutides are said to be complentary if they form weakly bonded base pairs. A is complentary to T and C is complentary to G with DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins that contribute to the structural component, which encompasses the physical properties of a cell, and collective organism. Example is hair protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a protein that is an active agent in cellular processes. Example is DNA polymerase. Enzymes are commonly utlized as a cataylic agent for biochemical celluar reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary structure of a protein comprised of a linear chain of amino acids, which are encoded by codons in genetic sequences. |
|
|
Term
| transcribe/ transcription |
|
Definition
| process taken by a cell in which geneic sequences, composed of triplets of sequential nitrogenous bases to form a complementary single-stranded molecule denoted mRNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an RNA copy produced through a DNA strand serving as a template. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an RNA transcript produced from DNA, in a sense a working copy, that serves as messenger molecule key in the process of protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of synthesizing a sequence of amino acids based on the sequences as of nucleotides encoded in mRNA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups of three successive bases that compromise a collective sequence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytoplasmic organelles where protein synthesis occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single stranded RNA structure that transports amino acids to the assembly process located at the ribosome. It is the complement of mRNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms, such as plants and animals, that have a membrane-bound nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms with comparitvely simpler structures than Eukaryotes, and lack a membrane bound nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stretches of DNA that do not encode for protein synthesis, and are excised in the transcription process via RNA splicing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| segments found on nucleotides that encode for subsequent transcription and translation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a characteristic is found in the population that has two or more distinct forms. Example includes eye color or blood type. focus of most genetic research due to a certain lack of ambiguity in the link between genome and phenotype |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the physical, or tangible results of genetic expression that can be observed to some degree by the five senses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the allelic constitution of an organism, which is the herditary underpinning of expressed phenotype |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a distinction of discontinous variation in which two or more morphs exist in a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| various forms of discontinuous variants found in a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exceptional and rare morphs of discontinous varitation, as a result of mutaions within the genetic sequence as a result of such means as SNPs or indels, for example. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
common, or 'normal' discontinous variants found within a population. Often encompasses a naturally selected variety found at the origin of the species and is key for breeding sources.
difference btw mutant and wild type is a difference in the alleles of same gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defines genes that when expressed have an unbroken range of phenotypes, derived from both genes themselves as well as environmental pressures. Examples include height, weight, and hair color. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alleles that fail to encode for a functional protein and typically are not expressed in combination with alleles that do function, as can be explained by the gene for the enzyme that produced melanin, lack of expression, which, accounts of albinism |
|
|
Term
| Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) aka nucleotide-pair substitution |
|
Definition
| a type of mutation in which there is substitution of a nitrogenous base within the gene sequence that can result in amino acid substitution or a premature stop codon with protein synthesis. A form of frameshift mutations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mutations of base insertions of deletions of more than one nitrogenous base, which disrupts protein synthesis. A categotry of frameshift mutations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a method of detecting or procuring a desired macromolecule via binding between the probe and macromolecule, such as tracers or flourescence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| employing use of specific enzymes that target a desired sequence for gene or genes sought for observation and analysis. Restriction enyzmes target sequences of four or more bases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| test subjects used for genetic analysis which exhibit genetic mechanisms common to all or a large group of species. For instance, mice are commonly used as model organisms where the results of genetic experiments may extrapolated to the human species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a set of environment-phenotype relations for a given genotype illustrating phenotypic variation due to genotypic development in a given development. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| natural variation in phenotype due to naturally inherent randomness of events in the cell process, which can affect genetics experiments aiming to fix both genotype and environment |
|
|
Term
| chromosome theory of heredity |
|
Definition
| theory of genetics explaining the notion that genes are physically located on specific portions of cellular structure, known as chromosomes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failure of the x sex chromosome to divide in either two cell division stages of meiosis, which results in two x chromosomes or no x at all in a cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of 5′ capping is vital to creating mature messenger RNA, which is then able to undergo translation. Capping ensures the messenger RNA's stability while it undergoes translation in the process of protein synthesis, and is a highly regulated process that occurs in the cell nucleus. Because this only occurs in the nucleus, mitochondrial and chloroplast mRNA are not capped. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| he DNA strand which has the same base sequence as the RNA transcript produced (although with thymine replaced by uracil). It is this strand which contains codons, while the non-coding strand contains anti codons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the calculated order of most frequent residues, either nucleotide or amino acid, found at each position in a sequence alignment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in protein synthesis, cyclic process of growth of a polypeptide chain from mRNA attached to ribosomes. Requires mRNA, ribosomes, activated aminoacyl-tRNA, elongation factor EF-Tu activated with GTP. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any nucleotide sequence encoded by a gene that remains present within the final mature RNA product of that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA splicing while the final mature RNA product of a gene is being generated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mRNA one the introns have been spliced out and the 5' cap and ploy A tail have been added |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a short region of DNA that can be bound with proteins (namely, the trans-acting factors, much like a set of transcription factors) to enhance transcription levels of genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sequence that directs nucleotide synthesis that is complementary by defintion of the Watson and Crick base-pair model. In transcription, for example, a template strand of DNA after unwinding of the double helix and being complementary to the coding strand, and mRNA is transcribed in 5' to 3' complentary to the template strand with use of ribonucleatides and RNA polymerase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the conclusion of protein synthesis during translation having been coded by the STOP codon upon the mRNA sequence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the product of RNA polymerase is it makes a genetic copy that is complementary to the template strand of DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of mRNA synthesis, which entails employment of RNA polymerase producing an RNA product that is complementary to the template strand of DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transcription bubbles are formed |
|
|
